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The counterattack of self-defense in Zhenbao Island is a battle of China People's Liberation Army border guards to repel the Soviet invasion in Zhenbao Island. 1in March, 969, the Soviet army carried out many armed invasions on Zhenbao Island on the Chinese side of the central line of the main channel of Wusuli River in Heilongjiang Province, and shelled the deep areas along the China coast. Chinese border guards were forced to fight back in self-defense. In this incident, the Soviet government claimed that Treasure Island belonged to the Soviet Union, opposed the false accusation that Chinese border guards invaded the Soviet Union, and published a "protest note" from the Soviet government to the China government. A spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China pointed out: Treasure Island indisputably belongs to the territory of China and has been under the jurisdiction of China for a long time, and is patrolled by Chinese border guards. The so-called "protest note" of the Soviet Union is the robber logic of pursuing the aggressive policy of social imperialism.

Say: Treasure Island strikes back in self-defense.

Venue: Treasure Island

Time:1March, 969

Participants:

Result: Negotiated truce.

Participating troops:

background

1, geographical location

Treasure Island is located on the China side of the main channel of Wusuli River. Zhenbao Island is located on the Chinese side of the middle line of the main channel of Wusuli River in Heilongjiang Province, covering an area of 0.74 square kilometers. It has always been the territory of China. Local residents have been engaged in production activities here for generations, and Chinese border guards have been patrolling this area.

2. Sino-Soviet honeymoon relationship

After the founding of New China, the Soviet Union, as the core of the Oriental Group, gave great and selfless help and support to China in economy, national defense and education, which quickly put China's national construction on the right track. At the same time, the new China's "one-sided" foreign policy also decided the intimate honeymoon relationship between the Soviet Union and China in the early 1950s.

3. The attitude of the Soviet Union towards China has changed.

1953 after Stalin's death, the power struggle within the Soviet * * * production party became fierce. After Khrushchev came to power, he completely denied Stalin and his policies. At the same time, with the increasing national strength of the Soviet Union, his attitude towards socialist allies has also changed. China's * * * production party is very grateful to the Soviet Union for its assistance to China during Stalin's period, and does not approve of killing Stalin with a stick, while Su * * * wants to add his own views to the * * * production international, which is contradictory to Su * * led by Khrushchev; Khrushchev's "Joint Fleet" and restrictions on China's development of its own nuclear self-defense forces show that the Soviet Union at this time no longer helped China selflessly, but stood more on its own interests and tied China to the chariot during the Cold War.

4. There are cracks in Sino-Soviet relations.

1956, the Hungarian incident broke out, and the Soviet chauvinism was extremely inflated, and it did not hesitate to attack the countries in the camp. The subsequent Sino-Soviet debate lasted 10 years. Both sides want to use Marxism-Leninism theory to refute each other's views. In Khrushchev's era, the relationship between the two sides deteriorated, but it did not reach the point of division. The rift in Sino-Soviet relations is only superficial, but by the time Brezhnev was in power, the differences between China and the Soviet Union had deteriorated from ideology and national interests to hostility between countries. On the one hand, China had to get rid of the Soviet Union politically. It is very difficult to control China economically and militarily, explore a Chinese-style socialist road independently, and face the siege and blockade of the iron curtain in western countries.

5. Soviet invasion

Since 1960, the Soviet Union has been planning to create troubles on the Sino-Soviet border. 1964 Sino-Soviet border negotiations failed, especially 1968 after the Soviet Union invaded the Czech Republic. China believed that the "limited sovereignty theory" put forward by the Soviet Union was a serious violation of a country's sovereignty, and China, which was experiencing civil strife during the Cultural Revolution, began to prepare for the Soviet Union. From June 1964 to February 1969, the Soviet army provoked more than 4 180 border incidents in the Sino-Soviet border area. After 1967, Soviet border guards began to invade China's Baodao, preventing China border guards from patrolling the island, causing many bloodshed, killing and injuring many border guards in China and arresting fishermen in China. Chinese border guards strictly carry out the instructions of the China government and the Central Military Commission, and exercise restraint and patience. However, the Soviet government turned a deaf ear to the solemn protests and warnings of the China government, and the provocative behavior of the Soviet border guards still did not converge. Finally, in March of 1969, a conflict that shocked the world broke out.

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1, strength comparison

At that time, in the Zhenbao Island area where the two countries were in conflict, the two sides had equal strength. However, China's army has only foot infantry and some gun engineers, neither tanks, armored vehicles nor air support; Soviet infantry are all motorized, with not only dominant artillery, but also a large number of tanks, armored vehicles, air force planes and helicopters, which can be directly used to support operations, so they have an absolute advantage in technical equipment and firepower. Although China's military strength is at a disadvantage in the border conflict areas, the determination of the central authorities and Mao Zedong to carry out the border struggle is firm. At that time, the Ninth National Congress was about to be held. According to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's arrangement, a mass demonstration denouncing the invasion of Su Xiu was held throughout the country. According to the announcement at that time, the number of participants exceeded 654.38+0.5 billion. PLA troops and militia near the Sino-Soviet border and the Sino-Mongolian border have also entered a state of readiness.

2. Event course

1at 8: 00 on March 2, 969, Chinese border guards sent patrol units to the island to perform patrol tasks. After the Soviet army discovered it, it immediately dispatched more than 70 people, divided into two armored vehicles, 1 military trucks and 1 command vehicles, and rushed from the Soviet territory to Zhenbao Island. After approaching Treasure Island, they formed a battle formation to advance on the Chinese border patrol detachment and inserted a force behind a regiment of the Chinese border patrol detachment. The invading Soviet army ignored the warning issued by the Chinese border patrol troops and suddenly opened fire, killing and injuring six Chinese border patrol personnel. Chinese border patrol troops were forced to defend themselves and fight back. After hearing the gunshots, the Second Chinese Border Patrol Regiment, under the command of the squad leader Zhou Dengguo, dealt a heavy blow to the invading Soviet troops behind the flank. Subsequently, the Chinese border patrol troops launched a counterattack, but they were violently shot by the Soviet Union in the jungle. China's border guards suddenly jumped up in Qingyang and opened fire on Soviet troops in the jungle to attract fire. The Soviets shot him and hit him in the head. Shortly after he fell, he stood up tenaciously and continued to attack the Soviet army with submachine guns until he died heroically. Deputy company commander Chen Shaoguang directed a class to detour to the Soviet side in the jungle, but a Soviet rushed past him and attacked them with two machine guns. Chen Shaoguang commanded the squad to fight back bravely, while bravely rushing to a Soviet machine gun emplacement. At this time, he was seriously injured and still insisted on moving to a favorable position. After knocking out the fire, he fell in a pool of blood. After 1 hours of fierce fighting, the Chinese border guards repelled the Soviet border guards who invaded Zhenbao Island. /kloc-in the early morning of June, more than 60 Soviet border guards invaded from the northern end of Zhenbao Island under the cover of six armored vehicles. Leng Pengfei, the battalion commander of a certain Chinese frontier defense unit, was ordered to lead a Soviet army that stepped up its platoon to the island to meet the invasion. Around 8 o'clock, the Soviet army launched an attack. Cold battalion commander calmly commanded, adhered to favorable terrain, and commanded some troops to divide the Soviet Union. After an hour of fierce fighting, the Soviet attack was repelled. At 9: 46, under the cover of artillery fire, the Soviet border guards dispatched six tanks and five armored vehicles to approach Zhenbao Island, launched an attack from the north and south sides, and blocked the branches of the river with intensive firepower to prevent Chinese border guards from landing on the island for support. Yang Lin, the captain of recoilless gun, who stood at No.2, occupied favorable terrain to stop the Soviet army. When the Soviet tank approached only 10 meters away, he threw five grenades in succession, which disrupted the formation of the Soviet army and caused one of its tanks to burst into the minefield and be blown up. Yang Lin's two artillery squads fired mobile guns. He hit three armored vehicles in a row, but was unfortunately killed by Soviet tank fire. 13: 35, Soviet border guards violently attacked China's defensive positions, with a frontal area of 10 km and a depth of about 7 km. Two hours after the shelling, more than 100 Soviet troops launched the third attack under the cover of 10 tanks and 14 armored vehicles. Chinese border guards guarding the island separated their infantry from armor and tanks and fought closely with the Soviet Union, weakening their firepower. Rocket launcher Hua Yujie is getting braver and braver. In the ice and snow at MINUS 30 degrees, he took off his cotton-padded sweater and destroyed and wounded four Soviet armored vehicles. After more than 50 minutes of fierce fighting, the third attack of the Soviet border guards was successfully shattered. On this day, the Soviet army dispatched more than 50 tanks, armored vehicles and 100 infantry, and under the cover of helicopters and deep artillery fire, shelled the deep areas of China. Chinese border guards fought fiercely with the invading Soviet army for more than nine hours, withstood six sudden shelling by the Soviet border guards and repelled three attacks by the Soviet border guards. The T-62 tank captured by the People's Liberation Army in the conflict of Zhenbao Island successfully defended Zhenbao Island. 17, Soviet border guards dispatched more than 70 infantry to lay mines on the island in an attempt to prevent China border guards from landing on the island and drag back a T-62 tank stranded in Jiangcha after being damaged by China border guards. Chinese border guards repelled it with artillery fire, killing Colonel leonov and Lieutenant Colonel Yang Xin, the general commander of the Soviet border guards. The damaged Soviet tanks were captured by the Chinese border guards, which became the ironclad evidence that the Soviet Union occupied the territory of China.

3. Development

After the conflict broke out in Zhenbao Island, the Soviet leadership reacted strongly. Military hardliners headed by Marshal Graetsch, the Soviet Defense Minister, and Marshal Cui Kefu, the Assistant Minister, advocated "completely eliminating the threat from China". It is prepared to use medium-range ballistic missiles in the Far East, carry nuclear warheads equivalent to millions of tons, and carry out "surgical nuclear strikes" against China's military and political targets. At the same time, the Soviet Union also contacted the United States and tentatively proposed a joint destructive strike against China's nuclear forces, while China's nuclear forces are still in the primary stage of nuclear weapons development. At the same time, the Soviet Union created public opinion in the world in an attempt to expel China's * * * production party at the * * production conference and isolate China. 1After June 1969, the Soviet Union continued to stir up troubles in the border areas and conflicts continued. On August 3rd, 1969 and 13 dispatched hundreds of infantry, and under the cover of tanks and armored vehicles, invaded the Xinjiang border of China, causing the Tielekti incident, which killed nearly 40 China soldiers.

4. The United States opposes the Soviet Union.

Although the Soviet Union proposed a joint attack on China to the United States at that time, President Nixon of the United States, after consulting with his aides, believed that the greatest threat to western countries came from the Soviet Union, and the existence of a powerful China was in line with the strategic interests of the West. The Soviet Union's nuclear attack on China will inevitably lead to China's full retaliation. This will lead to a worldwide nuclear war, and the Soviet Union's behavior is no less than opening Pandora's Box. Therefore, the United States quickly disclosed the contents of the secret contact between the Soviet Union and the United States, which made the situation in China extremely grim. Immediately, China entered a state of nuclear readiness, troops entered a level of readiness, and senior personnel began to evacuate and hide. On August 20th, Dobrynin, the Soviet ambassador to the United States, was ordered to make an urgent appointment with Dr. Kissinger, Assistant to the President of the United States for National Security Affairs, to inform him of the intention of the Soviet Union to launch a nuclear strike against China and to solicit the opinions of the United States. The intention of the Soviet Union is very obvious: under the circumstances that Sino-US relations were also sharp at that time, if the Soviet Union attacked, the United States would at least remain neutral. When Kissinger arrived at the White House the next morning, he found Nixon impatient: "Come on, Henry, what's the trouble?" Kissinger took out a dozen pieces of paper full of words and put it on the table. He said, "Look, the Soviet Union wants to use nuclear weapons against China. Last night, I had a long talk with Mr. Dobrynin. Several guys in the Kremlin decided to use nuclear missiles to eliminate the threat of China once and for all, and now they come to ask for our advice. " After urgent consultations with his senior officials, Nixon believed that the greatest threat to western countries came from the Soviet Union, and the existence of a strong China was in line with the strategic interests of the West. The Soviet Union's nuclear attack on China will inevitably lead to China's full retaliation. By then, nuclear pollution will directly threaten the safety of the 250,000 US troops stationed in Asia. The most terrible thing is that once they are allowed to open Pandora's box, the whole world will kneel in front of polar bears. At that time, the United States will also raise the white flag. "We can destroy the world, but they dare to destroy the world." After consultation, the United States believes that: first, as long as the United States opposes it, the Soviet Union will not dare to use nuclear weapons easily; Second, it is difficult to find a way to inform China of the intention of the Soviet Union as soon as possible. The United States and China have hated each other for 30 years. Tell China directly, instead of believing it, they will think we are playing some tricks. Finally decided to "let a humble newspaper spread the news. Everyone knows that the United States has no secrets, and Brezhnev can't blame us when he sees it. This is a fact. " On August 28th, The Washington Star published a news item in a prominent position, entitled "The Soviet Union wants to carry out a surgical nuclear strike against China". The article said: "According to reliable information, the Soviet Union plans to perform surgical operations on important military bases in China, such as Jiuquan, Xichang missile launch base, Lop Nur nuclear test base, and important industrial cities such as Beijing, Changchun and Anshan. A stone stirs up a thousand waves. The news immediately aroused strong repercussions all over the world, and Brezhnev was mad. China certainly won't, as Kissinger said, "I hope the leaders of China will see this news and never throw it away again". After listening to Zhou Enlai's report, Mao Zedong said, "Isn't this a nuclear war? The atomic bomb is very powerful, but I am not afraid. " At the same time, resolutely put forward the policy of "digging deep holes and accumulating grain without seeking hegemony", and the whole country quickly entered a state of combat readiness. Many enterprises turned to military production, and the national economy began to turn to combat readiness. A large number of factories turned to mountainous areas and the third line with traffic jams, and implemented the "mountain, scattered and cave" configuration, and big cities such as Beijing excavated underground fortifications. On September 16, London's Saturday Post published an article by Victor Lewis, a Soviet freelance journalist and KGB spokesman, saying that "the Soviet Union may carry out air strikes on the Lop Nur base in Xinjiang, China". The cloud of a surgical nuclear attack on China once again enveloped the land of China. America understands that Victor's article is a test for America! This is a warning to China. Out of the global strategic interests of the United States and the serious consequences of a large-scale nuclear war, after Nixon convened an emergency national defense meeting (attended by Vice President agnew, Secretary of Defense Laird, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Wheeler, Secretary of State Rogers and Kissinger), he thought: "Of course, we should stop this imminent Sino-Soviet war. If they insist on fighting, that's their business. "To this end, the United States has implemented a three-step process: first, because there is no communication channel between the Chinese and American governments, it will be too late to arrange a meeting of senior officials. We can resume the Warsaw talks at the ambassadorial level between China and the United States. The Warsaw talks lasted 15 years and have been suspended for two years now. At this time, the significance of recovery is naturally extraordinary. We can arrange for Polish Ambassador Walter Stoessel to do it at once. This is a dramatic event in which Stoessel chased the ambassador station in China. Second, make use of the close relationship between ceausescu and Yahya and China to convey the sincerity of looking forward to reconciliation. Third, in order to get immediate results, the United States showed a card that had not been used in the 1962 Cuban missile crisis-"Using the code cracked by the Soviet Union, it issued a presidential directive to prepare for a nuclear strike against the Soviet Union 134 city, military point, transportation hub and heavy industry base. 1969 65438+ 10/5 at 7 o'clock in the evening, a distraught kosygin reported to Brezhnev: "Just now, the National Security Council reported two pieces of news. One is that China's missile base has entered a state of war, and all ground guidance stations have been opened. The signal received by our satellite and the photos taken have confirmed this. The other is that the United States has made it clear that China's interests are related to them, and has drawn up a specific plan for nuclear war with us. Because of the emergency, they just reported the news, and the official report will be sent later. Brezhnev did not believe: "Will the United States stand by and watch China?" This is simply a fantasy. Please call the American embassy immediately. A few minutes later, Ambassador Dobrynin on the other side of the ocean reported to Brezhnev: "The situation is true. I met Kissinger two hours ago. He made it clear that President Nixon believed that China's interests were closely related to those of the United States, and the United States would not sit idly by. If China is attacked by nuclear weapons, they will think that this is the beginning of World War III, and they will be the first to take part in the war. Kissinger also revealed that the President has signed a secret order to prepare for nuclear retaliation against more than 30 cities and military bases in China/KLOC-0. Once we have a medium-range missile leaving the launcher, their revenge plan will begin. " Brezhnev shouted angrily, "The United States has betrayed us. "

5. The transformation of the Soviet Union

Premier Zhou and kosygin, chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, were on the brink of war. There are many reasons why Soviet leaders suddenly took mitigation measures. For example, the world's main strategic opponent is the United States, and its strategic focus is in Europe. After attacking China, it is inevitable to be retaliated. Kosygin, chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, took advantage of the opportunity to go to Vietnam to mourn Ho Chi Minh in early September, and suddenly said that he would negotiate with the China delegation that went to Vietnam to mourn. The subsequent meeting between Premier Zhou Enlai and kosygin eased the tension between the two sides, but it didn't get any solution. Since then, China and the Soviet Union have entered a state of hostile preparations for nearly 20 years.

Step 6 start negotiations

1On March 6th, 969, the Political Bureau of the Soviet Union held a meeting to discuss what happened in the Wusuli River. Members of the Politburo spoke highly of the border guards, but they also pointed out many shortcomings. For example, there is no "good army cluster" in conflict areas, whether it is a cluster of border guards or conventional troops; The organization of combat and military reconnaissance is weak; No night observation, etc. A series of measures to strengthen border defense were adopted at the meeting. The line of the Political Bureau is that Mashima has been the territory of China since ancient times, and it will never give in and resolutely confront it. But it was not without peaceful efforts before. Soviet border guards have always advocated peaceful settlement of territorial disputes through dialogue. At 1964, the then commander of the border guards, General Zyryanov, was ordered to consult with China on these issues. In order to accomplish this mission, he was awarded the title of Deputy Minister. At a consultation meeting, Zilyanov summoned up his courage to announce that it was possible to make concessions on some islands, including Damansky Island. Khrushchev recalled him from Beijing when he learned about it. He was furious and gave him a good scolding. One year before the conflict, that is, in the summer of 1968, Zilyanov once again declared that he would settle the dispute peacefully through dialogue. At the meeting of the Khabarovsk Krai Committee, the situation in the border area with China was discussed. The host was then Deputy Foreign Minister Kuznetsov. At the meeting, he asked everyone to stand up and answer, "What do you think should be done?" None of the border guards said that they would use force to solve the worsening territorial dispute. Zyryanov still sticks to his point of view. In addition, after the meeting, he issued a supplementary order to his subordinates: "Take all necessary measures to prevent China people from entering our territory, but don't use weapons". Only at the end, when I wanted to say goodbye to everyone, did I hint: "If the situation is serious, then fight back." After that battle, mines were laid on all roads entering the island from China; A large number of troops gathered on the right bank of the Wusuli River. It was not until September 1969 that the tension gradually subsided after the leaders of the two governments met in Beijing. China issued a statement 1969 on May 24th: It is not China's responsibility that the Sino-Soviet border issue has evolved to this day. However, China is still willing to solve the Sino-Soviet border issue comprehensively through peaceful negotiations and opposes resorting to force. The Soviet Union issued a statement on June 1969 and 13, saying: Although the czar's autocratic system collapsed, the borders of Russian countries should not be destroyed, and the czar never signed any unequal treaties with China. On the border conflict, the armed conflict in the Sino-Soviet border area expanded from the eastern section to the western section. On August 13 of the same year, armed conflict broke out again between China and the Soviet Union in the western border area of Tielekti. Soviet troops dispatched helicopters to cover tank armored units, and with the support of artillery fire, attacked the patrol detachment of Chinese border guards patrolling in Tielekti area. Dozens of China border guards (38 said, 78 said) were besieged and all were killed.

7. Things have eased.

September 1969 kosygin, President of the Soviet Council of Ministers, attended the funeral of Ho Chi Minh, president, Vietnam, and passed by Beijing to meet Zhou Enlai and others. After that, the situation eased. The main reason is that the Soviet Union decided that China has the nuclear counterattack capability, and both sides are willing to prevent large-scale military conflicts. According to the understanding reached during the talks,1October 201969 10, the Sino-Soviet border negotiations were formally held, and no progress was made in the negotiations. The Soviet Union sent more troops to the Sino-Soviet border. China has launched a nationwide campaign of "digging deep pits to accumulate grain".

Edit this paragraph to sign the treaty.

On April 27, 2005, the National People's Congress approved the Supplementary Agreement on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Russian Border. On February 20, 2005, the Russian State Duma voted to approve the agreement. According to the agreement, Treasure Island is the territory of China.

Edit the historical evaluation of this paragraph.

The result of the Battle of Treasure Island shocked the Soviet Union, made a new assessment of the strength of China's conventional forces, and curbed the Soviet Union's war attempt to some extent. In national defense construction, the battle of Treasure Island also had a lot of influence. Not to mention the huge combat readiness work that began later, in terms of equipment alone, because the main anti-tank weapons equipped by our army at that time, such as 75mm recoilless gun, 85mm cannon and 56-type rocket launcher, could not effectively penetrate the frontal armor of the T-62, which stimulated the great development of tank and anti-tank technology in China, our army began to focus on tank training. The military department organized a large-scale battle for anti-tank weapons. A series of emergency equipment, such as Type 73 100 mm anti-tank gun, Type 69 rocket launcher and 105 mm recoilless gun, were first put into production, and then it was not until the 1980s. The Red Arrow -73 anti-tank missile and the Type 86 100 mm anti-tank gun can effectively deal with the Soviet T-72 tanks, basically meeting the needs of combat readiness at that time, making China's anti-tank equipment and technical reserves still in the forefront of the world. I'm afraid this result is unexpected for our country that threatens our country with tanks. Shortly after the conflict on Zhenbao Island, in August 1969, our army set up barracks on the island and began to station all the year round. Today, the barracks on the island have changed for five generations, and four PLA officers and men exercise national sovereignty here. Only more than 2,000 mines and occasional minefield signs are still buried in the forest on the island, dating back to the rumble of gunfire. There are 7 1 person who died in the self-defense counterattack of Zhenbaodao (Gundam 1969, 1 1), among which 68 people are buried in Zhenbaodao Martyrs Cemetery in Baoqing County, 2 in Ximan Martyrs Cemetery in Qiqihar, and 1 person in Eighteen Stations Martyrs Cemetery.

Edit the impact of this conflict on China and the world.

China's performance in the Baodao conflict showed the whole world an indomitable new China, which would not bow before power. China's brave and war-fighting army also made the Soviet Union realize that it was difficult to conquer China only by means of war, which directly curbed the Soviet Union's war attempt. Many problems exposed by China's army in the conflict were solved well afterwards, especially the lack of effective anti-tank measures at that time. After years of catching up, China's anti-tank equipment and technical reserves are now in the forefront of the world. To the world, the Treasure Island War made China leaders realize that the United States was not an enemy of China, but could become a strategic ally of China, which became a turning point in the transformation of Sino-US relations, promoted China's contact with the world, improved China's strategic position in the international arena, and made China truly become a big country. The tripartite confrontation between China, the United States and the Soviet Union was formally formed, and the world entered a relatively stable period of development.

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