There was follwed between the Han Dynasty, and finally the country was ruined.
Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty successfully reformed.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yang Yan executed two tax laws and died on the way.
The reform of Emperor Wu of the Later Zhou Dynasty was successful.
Fan Zhongyan's new policy of celebrating Li failed in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Fan Zhongyan was finally excluded.
Wang Anshi failed in the political reform in the Northern Song Dynasty and was eventually demoted.
Zhang's whipping method in Ming Dynasty was not effectively implemented after his death.
Shang Yang (about 395 BC-338 BC) was a statesman, reformer, thinker and representative of Legalism in the Warring States Period. He is a native of Wei (now Liangzhuang Town, Neihuang County, Anyang City, Henan Province) and a descendant of the king of Wei. Her surname is Gong, so she is also called Wei Yang and Gong Sunyang. Later, due to his meritorious service in the Hexi Campaign, he was named fifteen cities Shang Jun, so he called it Shang Yang.
Shang Yang made A Qin rich and strong through political reform, which is called "Shang Yang Political Reform" in history. Politically, Shang Yang reformed Qin's household registration, rank, land system, administrative divisions, taxation, weights and measures, and folk customs, and formulated harsh laws. Economically, Shang Yang advocated attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding agriculture and weaving. Militarily, Qin Jun, commander-in-chief of Shang Yang, recovered Hexi.
In 338 BC, Qin Xiaogong died and his son Qin Huiwen succeeded him. In the same year of Qin Xiaogong's death, Shang Yang was framed for rebellion by Childe Qian, and he was defeated and died in his younger brother. His body was brought back to Xianyang and was publicly displayed after being cracked.
Wang Mang (45 BC-A.D. 10 year10.6), Zi Ziyou, second son, nephew of Wang, queen of the Western Han Dynasty, brother of Wang Yong. The founder of the new dynasty in the history of China, namely Xin Taizu, also known as Jianxing Emperor or Xindi Emperor, was in office from 8 to 23 AD.
Wang Mang is an important member of the Wang family in the Western Han Dynasty. He is modest and courteous, and is known as a scholar in the government and the public. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, social contradictions intensified unprecedentedly, and Wang Mang was regarded as the only person who could pull out the crisis by the ruling and opposition parties, and was regarded as "the Duke of Zhou was reincarnated". In 865438+ February, Wang Mang built a new building on behalf of Han Dynasty, and established Yuan as the "beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China", announcing the implementation of the New Deal, which was called "Wang Mang's restructuring" in history.
At the end of Wang Mang's reign, the world was in chaos. In the fourth year of Emperor Huang, he rose up and invaded Chang 'an, and Wang Mang died in chaos. Wang Mang ascended the throne in 16 at the age of 69, and the new dynasty became one of the short-lived dynasties in the history of China.
Emperor Tuoba Hong of Wei Xiaowen (65438+ 13 10, 467-April 26, 499), the eldest son of Emperor Tuoba Hong, was the sixth emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, formerly known as Tuoba Hong, and later renamed Justin. Outstanding politician and reformer. He was only five years old when he acceded to the throne, and he acceded to the throne in 490 AD. After leading the government, further reforms were carried out: in 495 AD (the 19th year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang; Later, Xianbei was changed to Han surname, so as to change Xianbei's customs, language and clothing. In addition, encourage Xianbei people to marry Han people; Assess the gentry's family background and strengthen the joint rule of Xianbei nobles and Han gentry; According to the laws and regulations of the Southern Dynasties, officials and courtiers were established. Emperor Xiaowen's reform has played a positive role in the integration and development of all ethnic groups. In 499 AD (twenty-third year of Taihe), TaBaHong died of illness and died as Emperor Xiaowen, with the temple name Gaozu.
Yang Yan (727-78 1), a native of Tianxing County (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), was a politician in the middle Tang Dynasty in China, the founder and promoter of the two tax laws.
Two years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qilu entered the DPRK as a relative, but Yang Yan and Qilu disagreed. In October, he was framed by Qilu and demoted to Cliff State Sima. Die on the road.
Yu Wenyong (543-578), Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, was born in Wuchuan (now Wuchuan, Inner Mongolia), the fourth son of Emperor Yu Wentai of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the half-brother of Xiaowen Jue of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Yuwen Yu of Ming Di, and the mother Wenxuan Queen Chinu [1], the third emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. During the reign of Yu Wenyong, in order to get rid of the old customs of Xianbei, Yuwen Hu, a powerful minister, was killed. Rectify the official management, make the Northern Zhou Dynasty politically clear, people's lives stable and the country strong. Yuwen Yong lives frugally and can care about the sufferings of the people in time. In 575 AD, Yu Wenyong attacked Beiqi on a large scale and destroyed Beiqi a year and a half later. In 578 AD, Yu Wenyong led an army to attack the Turks in five ways and died before leaving. He died at the age of 36. Emperor Wu of posthumous title, the temple name is Gaozu.
Fan Zhongyan (August 29, 989-1May 20, 052), a native of Wenqian, Han nationality, was a famous thinker, politician, strategist and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Fan Zhongyan lost his father when he was young, and his mother remarried Changshan Zhu, so he changed his name to Zhu Yue. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 15), Fan Zhongyan studied hard, awarded the manager of Guangde Army to join the army, welcomed his mother and changed his real name. Later, he served as Xinghua county magistrate, secret cabinet school supervisor, chief judge Zhou Chen, Suzhou well-known, and was reprimanded many times for being outspoken. In the first year of Kangding (1040), together with Han Qi, he served as Shaanxi deputy envoy, appeasing and soliciting, and adopting the policy of "long-term farming" to consolidate the northwest frontier defense. In three years (1043), he took office as a political commissar and formulated ten reform measures in the book Reply to Letters and Ten Events of Chen. In the fifth year of Li Qing (1045), the New Deal was frustrated, and Fan Zhongyan was demoted to Beijing, where he served as Yizhou, Dengzhou, Hangzhou and Qingzhou. You four years (1052), changed Zhizhou to Yingzhou, and Fan Zhongyan took office in Xuzhou and died here at the age of 64. Posthumous title is called the Palace.
Fan Zhongyan's political achievements are outstanding, and so are his literary achievements. His thought of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later" and his loyalty to people with lofty ideals have a far-reaching impact on future generations.
Wang Anshi (102 1 year1February 81May 2, 0861day), a native of Linchuan (now Linchuan District, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province), was a famous thinker and thinker in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Li Qing two years (1042), Wang Anshi Jinshi. He has successively signed judges in Yangzhou, magistrate in Yinxian and judge in Zhou Shu, and achieved remarkable results. In the second year of Xining (1069), he served as a political commissar, met with the Prime Minister the following year and presided over the political reform. Because of the opposition of the old school, Xining went on strike for seven years (1074). A year later, Song Shenzong was put into use again and retired to Jiangning. In the first year of Yuan You (1086), the Conservative Party gained power and all the new laws were abolished. Yu Ran died in Zhongshan (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and gave it to a teacher. Shao Shengyuan (1094) was named "Wen", so he was called Wang Wengong.
Wang Anshi devoted himself to the study of Confucian classics and wrote books, which was praised as "learning Confucianism", initiated "learning Gong Jing" and promoted the formation of the style of study in the Song Dynasty. Philosophically, the formation of the universe is explained by the theory of "five elements", which enriches and develops the thoughts of China and ancient naive materialism. His philosophical proposition of "dividing the old from the new" pushed China's ancient dialectics to a new height.
Wang Anshi has made outstanding achievements in literature. His prose is clear, logical and persuasive, which gives full play to the practical functions of ancient Chinese prose. The article is concise, short and pithy, and ranks among the "eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". His poems are "thin but difficult to learn from Du Fu" and good at reasoning. In his later years, his poetic style was subtle, profound and simple, and he was unique in the poetic style of the Northern Song Dynasty, and was known as "Wang Ti" in the world. There are Wang Linchuan Collection and Linchuan Collection.
Zhang (1525- 1582), uncle, Tai Yue, Han nationality, Gui. A native of Fengyang, Anhui Province, he was born in Huguang Jiangling (now Jingzhou City, Hubei Province) in the Ming Dynasty, and was also called Zhang Jiangling at that time. Politicians and reformers in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and cabinet records of Wanli period, helped Zhu Yijun, the emperor of Wanli, to establish the "Wanli New Deal".
Zhang can read at the age of five and read six classics at the age of seven. 65,438+02 years old, a scholar. 13 years old to take the provincial examination, 16 years old was recommended. 1547 (twenty-six years of Jiajing), 23-year-old Zhang was admitted to a scholar. 1567 (the first year of Qin Long) was appointed as the left assistant minister of the official department, and was a college student of Dongge. Later, he moved to be the second assistant to the cabinet and served as a university student in the official department, Shangshu and Jianjitang. In the sixth year of Qin Long, after Emperor Wanli ascended the throne, Zhang took the high arch as the record. At that time, he was still young, and all military and political events were decided by Zhang.
During the period of 10 when Zhang was the cabinet minister, a series of reform measures were implemented. Financially, the land was cleared and the "one whip method" was implemented, and all taxes and services were paid in silver. "Taicang Xiaomi can last for ten years, and Zeus has accumulated more than four million yuan." Militarily, Qi Jiguang and Li were appointed as the north of the city, and Ling and Yin Zhengmao were used to quell the southwest rebellion. Administratively, a comprehensive assessment is carried out in name and substance, and officials at all levels are assessed by the "examination method". "Although it is thousands of miles away, it is chasing down and chasing in the evening." The regime is in awe.
He died on July 9th (June 20th) in 1582 (Wanli Decade), at the age of 58, and shared the sacrifice with Zhu Guo and Wen Zhong (later deprived). Zhang was also the only minister in the Ming Dynasty who was awarded a teacher and a teacher before his death. Forbidden by Wanli, it was confiscated after his death, and Ming Di recovered his reputation in the second year of the Apocalypse. He is the author of "Collected Works of Zhang Taiyan", which directly interprets the classics of books and illustrates the emperor's mirror.