1. The "celadon wares" found in Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty sites obviously have the basic characteristics of porcelain. Their texture is thinner and harder than pottery, and their tires are mostly gray. The sintering temperature is as high as1100-1200 c, and the fetal quality is basically sintered, with weak water absorption. Coat the surface of the device with a layer of lime glaze. But they are not exactly the same as porcelain. It is called "primitive porcelain" or "primitive celadon".

2. After the appearance of Shang Dynasty, the primitive porcelain experienced the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period and the Eastern Han Dynasty, and constantly changed and developed during 1600- 1700 years, from immaturity to maturity.

3. From the unearthed cultural relics, the porcelains made in the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties are mostly celadon. These celadons are finely processed, hard and non-absorbent, and the surface is coated with a layer of cyan glass glaze. This high-level porcelain-making technology marks that China porcelain production has entered a new era.

4. China's white glazed porcelain sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and reached a mature stage in the Sui Dynasty. There were new developments in the Tang Dynasty. The firing temperature of porcelain reaches 1200℃, and the whiteness of porcelain reaches over 70%, which is close to the modern fine porcelain standard. This achievement laid the foundation for the development of underglaze and overglaze porcelain.

5. In Song Dynasty, the embryo quality, glaze color and manufacturing technology of porcelain were improved, and the firing technology of porcelain reached a fully mature level.

6. Fine white glaze was successfully fired in Ming Dynasty, and monochrome glazed porcelain with copper as colorant was successfully fired, which made Ming Dynasty porcelain colorful. The diversification of glaze methods of Ming dynasty porcelain indicates the continuous progress of porcelain-making technology in China.

7. Porcelain that imitates the enamel effect of copper tires in Qing Dynasty. Enamel color is also called "material color".

Extended data:

Classification of porcelain producing areas:

1, Yue Yao:

This name was first seen in Lu Guimeng's poem "The Secret Color Qi Yue" in the Tang Dynasty, which is a general term for ancient Yuedi celadon kilns on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay. It was formed in the Han Dynasty, experienced the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty, reached its peak in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and declined in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. The center of origin is located in the middle reaches of Cao 'e River in Shangyu, and always focuses on producing high-quality celadon.

When commenting on the quality of the tea bowl in the Four Instruments of Tea Classics, Lu Yu wrote: "If porcelain is silver, if porcelain is jade, it would be silver; It is better to promote porcelain snow than porcelain ice. " China is white, but the bluer the porcelain, the more brownish green it is. Xing is not as good as Yue San. Lu Yu cooked and drank green tea, so he was full of praise for Yue porcelain.

2. Xing Kiln:

In today's Neiqiu and Lincheng areas of Hebei Province, the Tang Dynasty belonged to xing zhou, hence the name. The kiln began in Sui Dynasty and flourished in Tang Dynasty. It mainly produces porcelain with delicate texture and white glaze. It was once accepted as imperial porcelain, and it was once as famous as Yue kiln celadon, known as "white in the south and white in the north".

In the Book of Tea, Lu Yu thinks that Xing is not as good as Yue, and he mainly drinks steamed green cake tea. If he uses safflower as a metaphor, or reflects the true color of tea soup, the result is just the opposite. Therefore, both have their own strengths, and the key lies in whether they conform to the nature of tea.

3. Ru kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, located in the area of Liang Qing Temple in Baofeng, Henan Province, was named after Ruzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty. Celadon was fired by the court at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and it was the first official kiln in ancient times, also known as the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty. The glaze color is mainly azure, and the calcium-alkali glaze firing technology is adopted. Glaze is wider, the tire is gray and black, and the tire bone is thinner.

4. Jun kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. In Yuxian County, Henan Province, this place was named after Zhou Jun in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty and declined in the Yuan Dynasty. Mainly firing copper red glaze, but also firing a large number of opaque glazed porcelain such as sky blue and moonlight white, and still producing various artistic porcelain.

5. Ding kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. In today's Runci Village and Yanshan Village in Quyang, Hebei Province, Dingzhou was named in the Tang and Song Dynasties. White porcelain was fired in the Tang Dynasty, and it developed greatly in the Five Dynasties. The glaze layer of white porcelain is slightly green, and the glaze flows like tears. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the overburning method was created, and the edges of bowls and plates were not glazed, which was called "Mangkou".

During the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, some palace porcelains were fired, and the inscriptions of "official" and "new official" were on the bottom. In the Song Dynasty, besides white porcelain, black glaze, sauce glaze and blue glaze were also fired.

6. Southern Song Dynasty official kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, after moving south in the Song Dynasty, a kiln dedicated to firing palace porcelain was set up. In the early stage, it was located in Longquan (now Dayao, Jincun and Xikou in Longquan, Zhejiang Province), and in the later stage, it was located in the suburb of Lin 'an (now at the foot of Wugui Mountain in the southern suburb of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province).

It is difficult to distinguish between the characteristics of the glaze and the tire fired in the two kilns. They are all black and gray thin tires. The glaze layer is rich, with pink, beige, cyan and other colors; The glazed surface is open, and the mouth edge and feet of the utensils are exposed, which is called "purple mouth and iron feet".

/kloc-at the end of 0/6, Longquan celadon appeared in the French market, causing a sensation throughout France. Because there is no suitable language to call it at the moment, it has to be compared with the blue robe worn by Sheraton, the heroine in the famous European drama Shepherd Girl, so Sheraton has become synonymous with celadon. Today, Longquan kiln has a new development. The Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln Museum was established in the ruins of the Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln in Hangzhou.

7. Ge Kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, the site has not yet been discovered. Some documents refer to Longquan official kiln in Zhejiang as Ge kiln, which is actually a myth.

Geyao porcelain handed down from ancient times has black, dark gray, light gray, khaki and other colors, and the glaze color is mainly gray blue, but also beige and milky white. Because there are a lot of bubbles, unmelted timely particles and anorthite crystals in the glaze, it has a strong sense of opacification. Glaze has large and small lines, fine lines are yellow, and coarse lines are dark brown, commonly known as "gold thread". Judging from the glaze color, pattern and shape of porcelain, it is different from Longquan official kiln in Song Dynasty.

8. Kiln building:

Jianyang in Fujian today. Since the Tang Dynasty, some celadon was fired in the early stage, and it was famous for making rabbit black glazed teacups in the Northern Song Dynasty. Rabbit hair pattern is glazed crystal with yellow and white colors, which is called gold and silver rabbit hair; Some glaze crystals are oil droplets called crane pigeon spots; There are also a few kiln glazes, and blue luster appears around the oil drop crystals. ?

When tea cups were introduced to Japan, they were all called "Tianmu Bowl", such as "Obsidian Tianmu" and "Oil Dropping Tianmu". Now they have become Japan's national treasures, which are very precious. The black porcelain produced in this kiln is black, so it is called "iron tire" because of its inferior glaze color and thick tire, and its iron content is as high as 10%.

9. Jingdezhen Kiln:

In Jingdezhen, Jiangxi today. It was first burned in the Wude period of the Tang Dynasty. The products are celadon and white porcelain. Celadon is gray and white porcelain is pure. It is known as "white as jade, as thin as paper, as bright as a mirror and as loud as stone". Mainly fired in the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, blue-and-white porcelain was burned for the court, with the words "Shufu" on it, and blue-and-white porcelain, underglaze red and other varieties were also burned.

In the Ming Dynasty, it became the national porcelain firing center, and set up a workshop dedicated to firing court tea ceremony tea sets. At this time, blue and white porcelain developed greatly, and Zhuguang Murata, the father of Japanese tea ceremony, loved it very much. At this time, glaze, bucket color, plain tricolor, multicolor and other varieties appeared one after another, and various rare blue, red and sweet white glazed porcelain were also fired one after another.

In the Qing Dynasty, many new varieties such as enamel and famille rose were created. Since the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain has been exported to Japan and imported into Europe in large quantities in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the same time, it established the status of "porcelain is suitable for pottery".

10, Yixing kiln:

In today's Dingshu Town, Yixing, Jiangsu. As early as the Han and Jin Dynasties, celadon was fired, and the decorative patterns of products were influenced by Yue Kiln, resulting in loose fetal quality, yellowish glaze and common glaze peeling. Pottery was burned in the Song Dynasty, and it was famous for producing purple sand in the Ming Dynasty.

1 1, Dehua kiln:

The production of Dehua porcelain in Fujian began in the Neolithic Age, flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and its craft is unique and has not been broken so far. It has always been an important foreign trade product of China, enjoying a world-renowned reputation together with silk and tea, and has contributed to the spread of porcelain-making technology and cultural exchange between China and foreign countries. Now Dehua county preserves kiln sites such as Wanping and Qudou Palace in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

It can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, when printed pottery was fired. Celadon was fired in the Tang Dynasty. White porcelain and celadon produced in the Song Dynasty were very delicate, and porcelain products began to be exported in large quantities. In the Yuan Dynasty, Dehua porcelain and plastic Buddha statues were tribute to the court and were appreciated by the emperors. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Dehua porcelain was widely spread to Europe, and its ivory white glaze (also known as milky white) had a great influence on European porcelain art.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-porcelain