In the early Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera (Qingyang Opera) prevailed on the stage of Peking Opera. After the mid-Qianlong period, Kunqu opera gradually declined, and the prosperity of Beijing dialect replaced Kunqu opera to unify the Beijing stage. Forty-five years after Qianlong (1780), Wei Changsheng, a Shaanxi opera artist, came to Beijing from Sichuan. Wei took the Shuangqing class to perform "Rolling the Ground" and "Holding the Baby into the House" in Shaanxi Opera. Wei Changsheng is handsome in appearance, sweet in voice, euphemistic in singing and exquisite in workmanship. The publication of "Rolling the Floor" caused a sensation in Beijing. Shuangqing class is also called "the first in Kyoto". From then on, Peking Opera began to decline. The six famous classes of Peking Opera, Dacheng, Wang Fu, Qing Yu, Qing Yu, Cuiqing and Baohe, were neglected and joined the Shaanxi Opera class to make a living. In the fifty years of Qianlong (1785), Wei Changsheng was the representative of Peking Opera in the Qing court.

The performance was indecent, so he was forbidden to perform in Beijing, and Wei Changsheng was expelled from Beijing. In the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong (1790), after the Sanqing Huizhou class settled in Beijing (the class was located in Hanjiatai Hutong), there were also classes of Sixi, seven show, Nicui, Chuntai, Hechun, Sanhe, Songzhu, Jinyu and Dajinghe, which also performed in Dashilan area. Among them, Sanqing, Sixi, Hekou and Chuntai are the most famous, so they are also called "Huizhou Four Classes". According to the Records of Hanshu, Chuntai Board entered Beijing before the late Qianlong period, which proved that Chuntai Board entered Beijing earlier than Sixi and Chunchun. Chuntaiban' is located in Baishun Hutong. Sixi class came to Beijing at the beginning of Jiaqing. Hui opera and Kunqu opera are performed at the same time, especially Kunqu opera, so there is a class of "arranging a peach blossom fan in a new row and scattering four happy classes everywhere" in Shaanxi Lane. Hechun Class was established in Litieguai Street in the eighth year of Jiaqing (1804). This class is good at Wushu. Daoguang was dissolved in the 13th year (1853). "Huizhou Class Four" has its own repertoire and performance style, so it is sometimes called "the axis of three celebrations, the joy of four joys, the handle of spring and the son of the stage of spring". "Huizhou Class Four" not only sings Huizhou tunes, but also uses Kunqu Opera, Blowing Opera, Siping Opera and Bangzi Opera. In the performing arts, it absorbs and draws lessons from the strengths of various operas and integrates them into Huizhou Opera. At the same time, the performance lineup is neat and the repertoire is rich, which is quite popular with Beijing audiences. Since Wei Changsheng was forced to leave Beijing, Shaanxi Opera has been depressed. In order to make a living, Shaanxi opera artists have joined the Huizhou class one after another, forming a situation of the integration of Anhui opera and Shaanxi opera. In the process of the confluence of Hui and Qin, the Hui class has widely absorbed the essence of Shaanxi opera singing performance and transplanted a large number of scripts, which has created favorable conditions for the further development of Hui opera art. Hui-Han Han Opera is popular in Hubei, and Huang Er and Xipi in its voice cavity are all related to Hui Opera. Anhui Opera and Han Opera had extensive artistic blending before entering Beijing. Following the last years of Qianlong, Mi Ying, a famous drama master from China, went to Beijing. At the beginning of Daoguang (182 1), there were Li Liu, a famous drama veteran from China, and Peking Opera.

Wang Honggui, Yu Sansheng, Xiao Shenglong Deyun and others went to Beijing to join the Huiban Chuntai and Chunban singing respectively. Mi Ying was first famous for singing Guan Yu's plays, and Cheng Changgeng, the monitor of Sanqing, first taught all the red and clean plays in Mi Ying. Li Liu is good at drunk writing scary books and sweeping snow; Wang Honggui is famous for "Let Chengdu" and "pass the parcel Cao"; Xiao Shenglong Deyun is good at performing plays, such as Shooting at the Jib at the Yuanmen and The Yellow Crane Tower. Yu Sansheng, with a mellow voice and beautiful singing skills, is famous for playing such old dramas as Dingjun Mountain, Shiro Visiting Mother, Selling Horses as Hemp, and Touching Monuments. After the actors of Han Opera joined the Hui Opera, they integrated tunes, performance skills and repertoires into the Hui Opera, which made the singing of the Hui Opera increasingly rich and perfect, and the singing method and singing style were more Beijing-like, which was easy to be accepted by Beijingers. In the twenty-five years of Daoguang (1845), Mingtang was the foreman of old students. After the confluence of Hui and Han Dynasties, Hubei Xipi tune and Anhui Huang Er tune were exchanged again. The confluence of Hui, Qin and Han laid the foundation for the birth of Peking Opera.

Second, the formation period.

From the 20th year of Daoguang to the 10th year of Xianfeng (1840-1860), Peking Opera was formed by the confluence of Hui Opera, Qin Opera and Han Opera, absorbing the strengths of Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera. One of its signs: the tune is complete and rich, surpassing any of the three major operas of Hui, Qin and Han. Singing is a mixture of banqiang and Qupai styles. The acoustic cavity is mainly composed of two springs and Xipi with the same light.

Give priority; Second, the business is generally complete; Third, a number of Peking Opera plays have been formed. Fourthly, Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng and Zhang Erkui are the representative figures in the early stage of Peking Opera, and they are called "old pedant, three outstanding figures" and "three Ding Jia", namely Zhang Erkui, Cheng Changgeng and Yu Sansheng. They have their own characteristics in singing and performing styles, and have made outstanding contributions to the main melody, Xipi, Ersong and the form of Peking Opera, as well as the creation of spoken language and pronunciation with Beijing language characteristics. Among the first generation of Peking Opera actors, there are still old students, such as Lu Shengkui, Xue, Zhang Rulin and. Xiao Shenglong Deyun and Xu Xiaoxiang; Hu Dan Xi Lu, Luo Qiaofu, Mei Qiaoling: ugly Yang Mingyu and Liu Gansan; Hao Lantian and Tan Zhidao, Lao Dan; Jing Zhu Madazi, Ren Hualian and others. They have unique creations to enrich the vocal cavity and performing arts in all walks of life. Mei Qiaoling, the monitor of Sixi Class, bravely broke through the old rules of strict division of labor between Tsing Yi and Hua Dan, and opened up a new road for Dan Jiao's singing art. Beijing opera

Thirteen Musts of Tongguang is a portrait of a famous figure in the history of Peking Opera, painted by Shen Rongpu, a folk painter in the late Qing Dynasty. He referred to the figure painting form of The Thirteen Musts of Peking Opera painted by the painter He Shikui in the middle of Qing Dynasty, and selected thirteen famous actors (Cheng Changgeng, Lu Shengkui, Zhang Shengkui, Yang Yuelou, Tan Xinpei, Xu Xiaoxiang, Mei Qiaoling, Shi, Yu Ziyun, Zhu Lianfen, Shi) on the Peking Opera stage during the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods of Qing Dynasty (l860- 1890). This painting was acquired by Zhu Fuchang, an evolutionary society, in 32 years of the Republic of China (1943). Restore and photocopy it, and attach a volume of Thirteen Biographies of Celebrities in Tongguang.

Third, maturity

During the period of 1883- 19 18, Peking Opera entered a mature stage, represented by Tan Xinpei, Wang Guifen and Sun Juxian. Among them, Tan Xinpei inherited the strengths of Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng, Zhang Erkui and other great artists, and through creation and development, pushed the art of Peking Opera to a new and mature realm. In his artistic practice, Tan learned from others, borrowed from Kunqu Opera, Bangzi, Drum, Beijing Opera, Tsing Yi, Hualien, etc., and merged into singing, forming a "Tan School" with a unique singing artistic style, forming a situation of "learning Tan without a cavity". After the 1920s, Yan, Yan, Ma and others all developed into different artistic schools on the basis of Tan School. Wang Guifen, an artist living in Cheng Changgeng, has a strong and melancholy voice, solemn and stirring, simple tone, and comments on "Roaring Tigers and Singing Dragons". He has the reputation of "Chang Geng reincarnation" because "imitation can confuse the truth". Sun Juxian, 18 years old, chose Wu Xiucai, who is good at singing Peking Opera and often sings at the box office. At the age of 36, he joined Cheng Changgeng. He is noisy and comfortable. Nianbai is not limited to Huguang sound and Zhongzhou rhyme, but mostly uses Beijing sound and Beijing characters, which sounds kind and natural. Give a generous performance of Peking Opera.

Realistic, close to life. The "three masters after the older generation" have their own emphases and different artistic styles. Judging from the comprehensive balance, his combination of civil and military skills is unstoppable, and his artistic attainments and development of Peking Opera far exceed that of Wang and Sun. During Guangxu period, Tan Xinpei was called the "King of Music", and its position in drama was comparable to that of Cheng Changgeng. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (186 1), Peking Opera began to be performed in the court. From the sixth day of May to the end of that year, there were performances by Sanqing Class, Sixi Class, Shuangkui Class and Foreign Class (Peking Opera Class). In the 9th year of Guangxu (1883), Cixi celebrated her 50th birthday, and 18 people, including Zhang Qilin, Yang Longshou, Bao Fushan, Cai Fulu and Yan Fuxi, were selected to serve in the palace, not only singing, but also teaching Peking Opera and imparting skills to eunuchs. Since then, every year, famous artists such as Sun Juxian, Wang Langxian, Yu,,, and Mu have entered the palace to serve. Because Cixi loves Peking Opera, famous Peking Opera artists frequently enter the palace to perform, and the momentum is getting stronger and stronger. In the same period, Guangde Building, Sanqing Garden, Qingyuan Garden, Zhonghe Garden and Wenming Garden performed Peking Opera every day, forming a unified situation of Peking Opera. The mature period of Peking Opera includes Xu and Jia Honglin, in addition to the "three outstanding figures after Old Master Q". Vu Thang Jusheng Yu and Yang Longshou; Jing Jiashan, Huang Runfu, Jin Xiushan, Qiu Guixian, etc. Wang Langxian, De Junru, Lu Huayun:, Tian Guifeng,, Zhu; Wang Changlin, Zhang Hei, Luo Baisui, Xiao Changhua, Guo Chunshan. During this period, the appearance of the bear foot formed a trend that kept pace with the birth of the bear foot. Jusheng Yu, a martial artist, was the first man to stand on his own feet. It is called "the originator of martial arts" by later generations. The above-mentioned famous artists have innovated and developed in inheritance, and their singing skills have become increasingly mature, pushing Beijing opera to a new height.

Fourth, the heyday

From 19 17, a large number of outstanding Peking Opera actors emerged, showing the vigorous development of various schools, from the mature stage to the heyday, with Yang Xiaolou, Mei Lanfang, Yu Shuyan and other representatives in this period. Because the elegant cultural tradition advocated by literati was destroyed in the 20th century, Peking Opera reached its heyday. Four famous Peking Opera actors

1927 Beijing Shuntian Cunbao held a Beijing Opera actress selection. The results of readers' voting: Mei Lanfang won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in The Legend of Tai Zhen, Shang Xiaoyun won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Modern Jia Nv, Cheng won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Hong Fu Nv, and Xun Huisheng won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Dan Qing Introduction. The emergence of the "four great talents" is an important symbol of the prosperity of Beijing opera. They created their own artistic styles, and formed the "four schools", such as Mei Lanfang's dignified and elegant, Shang Xiaoyun's handsome and vigorous, Cheng's profound euphemism and Xun Huisheng's charming and charming, which created the pattern of taking Dan as the main factor in the Peking Opera stage. After Jusheng Yu and Yang Yuelou, the martial artist Yang Xiaolou developed the performance art of Beijing opera martial artists to a new height, and was known as "the master of traditional Chinese opera" and "the master of martial artists". Together with, Yan and Ma, they were called the "four big students" in the 1920s. At the same time, Shi, Wang Fengqing and Guan Dayuan are also outstanding talents in their careers. In the late 1930s, Yu, Yan and Gao withdrew from the stage one after another, and were called "four big students" together with Ma, Tan, Xi Xiaobo and Yang. Meng Xiaodong, female, with high artistic attainments, has the artistic demeanor of a teacher in Yu Shuyan. 1in the autumn of 936, Beijing opera lovers and audiences in universities and middle schools in Beijing wrote to the newspaper, proposing to choose Peking opera child stars. Zhang, president of Liancheng Society, reached an agreement with Jin, president of Liyan Newspaper in Beiping. The newspaper issued a notice to accept votes from all walks of life, published the voting figures in the newspaper day by day, and invited several people from Yunshi Society to supervise the newspaper. The voting date is set at half a month, and the leaders of Chinese Opera School and Fulian City Club, as well as The Times, Practical Vernacular Newspaper, Beijing Evening News and Drama Newspaper, also sent people to check the tickets on the spot. As a result of the election, Li Shifang of Fulian City Society won about 10,000 votes and was elected as "Chairman of Tongling". Wang Jinlu, champion of the Ministry of Health, and Ye Shichang, runner-up; Danjiao champion Mao Shilai, runner-up Song Dezhu; Qiu Shirong, champion of Clean Corner, and Zhao Deyu, runner-up; Master Zhan, clown champion, and Yin Jinzhen, runner-up. After the election, a celebration was held at the Fulian City Club of Hufangqiao, and a coronation ceremony was held at the Hua Le Theater in Xianyukou that night. Li Shifang and Yuan Shihai performed Farewell My Concubine. Beijing opera

After Tong Ling was elected, Li Shifang, Zhang Junqiu, Mao Shilai and Song Dezhu were elected as the "Four Little Famous Danes", and the "Four Little Famous Danes" jointly performed "The Legend of the White Snake" and "Four Five Flowers Cave" in Chang 'an and Xinxin Theater to show their congratulations. Various schools and talented people come forth in large numbers, which is another symbol of the heyday of Beijing opera. During this period, in addition to the Yang School, the Mei School of Lanfang, the Shang School of Xiaoyun, the Cheng School and the Xun School of Huisheng, there were other schools, such as the Dezhu School and the Zhang School. Yu School (,Gao School (,Qing Kui), Yan School (,Ma School (), Yang School () and Xintan School () in Old Life Tour; Jin School (Shaoshan), Hou School (), Hao School () and Qiu School () formed after 1950s; Jiangpai (Miao Township) and Yepai (Shenglan) in Xiaoshengchu; Gong Pai (Yunfu) and Li Pai (Duokui) of Lao Danxing; Ye Pai (Zhang Sheng) in Ugly Behavior, etc. At the same time, there are many Peking Opera performing artists, such as Wang Fengqing, Shi, Wang,,,, Li, etc. Yan, Xu Biyun, Zhu, Xue Yanqin, Xin, Zhang Zhuoyun, Jin Shaomei, Bi, Qin Xuefang,, Tong Lingzhi, Liang Xiaoluan, Wu Suqiu, Zhao Yanxia, Du Jinfang, etc. KAI, Rufulan and Cheng Jixian in the niche; Guo Chunshan, Ci Ruiquan, Ma Fulu and Zhang Chunhua.

Edit this lesson of Huizhou merchants

Huizhou merchants are rich, and the success of business has triggered a surge in cultural consumption desire. With the development of social economy and the rise of Kunshan dialect, there are many classes who support their families. They try their best to collect songs and dances for Qianlong, Xiajiang and Jiangnan, and are willing to pay a lot of money to package the color art of Anhui opera, which objectively creates conditions for Anhui opera to enter Beijing. Huizhou merchants who ruled the Ming and Qing business circles for more than 500 years are famous for their salt merchants, and the salt Peking Opera in Shexian County of Huangshan Mountain.

Businessmen are particularly famous and rich. With the development of social economy and the rise of Kunshan dialect, scholars and businessmen in Jiangnan and Jiangbei have started family drama. Huizhou merchants who have made their mark in foreign business circles have followed suit. A Chinese opera troupe used by Huizhou merchants for a long time is called "Huizhou Class" by outsiders. Local operas along the Yangtze River in Anhui, including ancient Huizhou, also began to flourish. They sang Kunqu opera, but they didn't "tune in" because of language differences, and inadvertently sang a little "local flavor". So under the influence of Qingyang tune, Anhui tune-"Hui Kun" was sung, and then it developed into Er Quan tune. Shipai tune produced in Huaining County, Anqing City, Anhui Province is the most famous. Huizhou artists went to Yangzhou with local accent, and they were sheltered by their families and strongly supported by Huizhou merchants. They either haunt the pier street or are taken in by the Fu family of Huizhou merchants. With the development of skills, the local accent gradually gained the upper hand. At this time, the concept of Huizhou stratum was not completely "Huizhou merchant stratum", but began to have the meaning of Huizhou tune (Shipai tune and random tune). It is worth mentioning that Jiang Chun, a big salt merchant in Shexian County, is a connoisseur of opera with high taste. He likes opera very much. There are often three or four plays at home, and there are hundreds of guests in pavilions that day. He brought all kinds of famous people together, made different voices complement each other on the same stage, and made the Huizhou class, which has sprung up suddenly, have an open pattern of learning from others. "Jump" and singing, the fire is not normal. At this time, the most famous dramatist was from Anqing. Dou wrote in "Yangzhou Painting Spectrum": Anqing's color art is the best, which is based on local chaos, so some people are hired between local chaos. Huizhou merchants have gained a firm foothold in the business world and become more and more closely related to the art of traditional Chinese opera. The "Huizhou class" with a large number of playwrights has been further developed under the new historical conditions.

There are no stones in this paragraph.

Beijing opera

Shipai is an ancient market town in Huaining County, Anqing City. The word "stone" refers to here and Anqing and its counties. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, Shipai had become a famous commercial center with 3,000 merchants and 1000 sailboats. Businessmen from Jiangxi, Fujian and Hubei have set up museums here. At that time, in addition to local residents, Shipai used to be boatmen and businessmen. When the problem of survival became easier, they began to establish their own market culture. At that time, there were as many as 800 drama stages available for performance, not only theaters, theaters, but also flower stands. There are three theaters in Shipai Town. The Changle Grand Theater in Shangzhen Hengjie can accommodate more than 600 people, specially designed for Huizhou tune and leather spring classes. The theater is usually in the ancestral hall. At ordinary times, the ancestral temple theater only sings big plays. Every winter solstice, when the clan members are promoted and the clan officials and gentry celebrate their birthdays, they are invited to perform in the theater. In addition, when the ancestral temple is completed, the whole class will be invited to sing opera to congratulate. "Du Jufu" describes: "The beauty of Huizhou class's loss of the sun began with Shipai". It shows that the Anhui class in Anqing once had a glorious history, and many famous Peking Opera predecessors came from this area, so there is a saying that "there is no stone, no class". In the tiny place of Shipai, a group of masters such as Hao Tianxiu, Cheng Changgeng and Yang Yuelou were born. Four Huizhou classes went to Beijing, and the emperor marveled at the exquisite costumes and decorations of Anqing artists. "Anqing's color art is the best!" "No stone (card) is not a grade!" It was widely circulated for a time. Careful Beijing opera lovers can easily find that many words in Beijing opera aria are pronounced differently from Beijing dialect. If you know something about Anqing dialect, you will find that these words are exactly the same as those in Anqing dialect. After the four Huizhou classes went to Beijing, the stone artists continued to come to Beijing and constantly enriched the performance lineup of the four Huizhou classes. By the time of Tongzhi, nearly 100 stone artists had come to Beijing. Although there was a large outflow of Huizhou class and musicians at that time, the local Huizhou class also developed. In the early Republic of China, Anqing had the People's Grand Theatre. At that time, most famous Peking Opera actors in China performed here. They all came to Anqing with a "pilgrimage" mood. Cao Yu, a great dramatist, got off at Beizhen, Huaining, and the first sentence was "I'm going on a pilgrimage". People who come out of the old Peking Opera class will not perform in Anqing for ten days and will not sing Lian Ben. At that time, it was considered as a "corner" with no future. Huizhou Opera, which originated in Shipai Township, Anqing Ancient Town, went out of the ancient town and went to Beijing. The glorious historical aura of Huiban's entry into Beijing still hangs over Shipai ancient town. Anqing is one of the cities that accepted modern civilization earlier in China, and it is also a national historical and cultural city. At the same time, Anqing is world-famous and has a strong local Peking Opera.

Characteristic drama-the hometown of Huangmei opera. Cheng Changgeng Memorial Hall, located in Qianshan County, Anqing City, has collected more than 300 precious objects and pictures, representing the germination and development of Peking Opera. There is also Cheng Changgeng's former residence for opera fans to visit.