Wenxianhao 4296

Journal of Harbin Normal University

Original version number 199404

Original page number 073-075,068

Classification number K9 1

Geography of China.

Author Hao Qingyun

Copy issue number 199504

Characteristics of place names in Heilongjiang Province

main body

Heilongjiang Province is named after Heilongjiang, the largest river in China, with an area of over 450,000 square kilometers. It has been a multi-ethnic settlement since ancient times. At present, there are 49 ethnic groups living here (there are 56 ethnic groups in China * * *) [( 1)]. Among them, there are more than 10 ethnic groups living in the local area, including Manchu, Mongolian, Daur, Oroqen, Ewenki, Hezhe and Xibe, as well as Han, Korean, Hui, Zhuang and Tibetan. Therefore, the place names of Heilongjiang Province are also named in the languages of many ethnic groups, with distinctive ethnic colors and local styles.

Heilongjiang Province is the hometown of Manchu, and Manchu is the descendant of Jurchen. So there are also some place names named after jurchen in Heilongjiang Province, but the number is very small. Harbin, for example, is a transliteration of the jurchen language "Alekin", which means "honor" and "prestige" [2]. Acheng, the abbreviation of "Alechuka", is a transliteration of the sounds of "Anqigu" and "Anqichu" in Jurchen language, meaning "gold" [3]. Wuyuer is a transliteration of the Jurchen language "Puyu", which means "Laowa" [4]. Ehatun, there are big and small Gahatun today. Gaha is a jurchen language, which means "crow" [5]. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the Qing Dynasty, the main ethnic group in Heilongjiang Province was Manchu, and the mountains, rivers, towns and villages here were mostly named in Manchu, which constituted one of the main national language place names in China. Place names named after Manchu have been translated into Chinese for a long time, but the original content of Manchu has been basically retained. This kind of Manchu place names can be roughly divided into two categories: one is borrowing sounds and the other is taking meanings. Borrowers such as: Songhua River, that is, Manchu "Songgaliula", meaning "Tianhe"; Mudanjiang, that is, Manchu "Mudanjiang Wula", means "curved river"; Yilan, Manchu "Yilan Hacao", meaning "three surnames"; Lalin, Manchu: "pity", meaning "refreshing"; Bayan, Manchu "Bo Yan Susu", meaning "rich village"; Shamantun, shaman is the "shaman" of Manchu, and "shaman" is a wizard in Shamanism, the primitive religion of Manchu [(6)]. There are many such place names, which can be seen everywhere. For example, Heilongjiang, which means "Sahalian Wula" in Manchu, means "black" and "Wula" means "river", so the river is shaped like a dragon and is the emblem of the Han nationality, so it is translated into Chinese as "Heilongjiang" [7]. Xiaomagang in Manchu means "Agemaoluzhaogen", which means "small", and "Maoluzhaogen" means "horseshoe". Later, horseshoe was transformed into Ma Gang [8]. Heihe City, formerly known as Daheitun, is a Manchu language "Basahalian", "Anba" means "big" and "Sahalian" means "black" [9]. The number of such place names is very small. Probably because Manchu is easy to express sounds, it is difficult to express meaning when translated into Chinese. Some Manchu place names have two or more meanings in their vocabulary, and it is sometimes difficult to determine which meaning to take. For example: Lalatun, "Lala" means "glutinous rice" and "end"; Wusuli River, "Wusuli" means "Heavenly King" and "Down the River"; Jiamusi means "corpse" or "post station". If the translation is not accurate, there will be some mistakes. In addition, there are some place names named directly in Chinese, such as Toutun, Ertun and Santun in Huangzheng Banner; Huangqitou Tun and Ertun; Zhenghongqitou Tun and Ertun; Lanqitou Tun, Ertun, Santun, etc. Although these place names are not named in Manchu, they are directly related to Manchu. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, in order to strengthen the border defense in the north, officers and men of the Eight Banners were stationed in Heilongjiang since Kangxi, the so-called "garrison of the Eight Banners". In the early years of Qianlong, the idlers in Qi Jing near Shi Jing were moved to Heilongjiang, known as Qi Jing Reclamation Area. In the future, we will continue to resettle the idle personnel in Beijing Banner. With the settlement and cultivation of these banners, some new Manchu villages appeared, so the above-mentioned village names appeared.

Heilongjiang Province is also the hometown of Mongolian, Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen, Hezhe and Xibe, so many place names are named after these national languages. The western part of Heilongjiang Province is mostly named in Mongolian, such as Anda, which means "friend" in Mongolian; Fulaerji is Mongolian, meaning "red wine"; Worship spring, Mongolian, means "precious spring water"; Keshan is Mongolian, meaning "gate". Many place names in Daxing 'anling and Xiaoxing 'anling areas in the northwest and north of Heilongjiang are named in Oroqen or Ewenki languages. For example, Jiagedaqi is the Oroqen language, which means "the place where Pinus sylvestris grows". Mongolia "[(10)]; Varagan, Oroqen language, means "sunny slope"; Na Xiang, Baiyin, the Oroqen language, means "Land of Three Riches" [(11)]; Tara Mountain is Ewenki language, which means "birch bark"; Kurulu, an Ewenki language, means "spontaneous combustion in Shan Ye". Some places in the middle reaches of Heilongjiang and Songnen Plain are named after Daur language, such as Qiqihar and Daur language, which means "the torrent without sunshine in the ravine"; Morgan, Daur language, means "a good rider"; Zhalong, Daur language, means "wild goose". Sanjiang Plain is the hometown of Hezhe nationality, and many place names are in Hezhe language. For example, Fujin is a transliteration of the Hezhe language "Fukejin", which means "Gaogang"; Lahasusu means "old house" in Hezhe language; Damuk, a Hezhe language, means "tobacco". Daxinganling and Nenjiang River basins are the birthplaces and early breeding places of Xibe nationality, and some place names here are named by Xibe nationality. For example, Xing 'anling, the homonym of Xing 'alin in Xibe language, means "White Mountain" and "extremely cold land". There is a large and small Xing 'an Mountains today [( 12)]. The Xibo language Tours City means "first" and "Xiongguan", so it is also called Xibotou City and Xibotou City [( 13)]. Taubkan, a Xibe language, means "15 Li", that is, 15 Li from Taha [( 14)]. The above place names basically reflect the distribution and migration of all ethnic groups today.

Han nationality is the main ethnic group in China. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, a large number of Han Chinese immigrated into Heilongjiang through the government. There are 47 Han surnames [( 109 15)] on the remains of seven-year-old stone carvings in Da 'an, Liao Dynasty, which shows that Han people settled in western Heilongjiang as early as Liao Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty adopted the "real inland" policy, that is, the government organized and planned to move the Han people from Yanyun to the "golden inland", that is, the Ashe River Basin. Since then, Han Chinese have come to Heilongjiang, especially in the late Qing Dynasty, a large number of refugees from Shandong, Hebei and Shanxi in Shanhaiguan have read Heilongjiang, and they are engaged in reclamation and farming. The influx of Han people has formed many villages where Han people gather. These villages are all named after China people. For example, Bei 'an is a place of peace in the north. Yanjiagang, Baijiabao, Zhou Jia, Niujia, etc. After liberation, there were "100,000 officers and men and one million educated youths" who developed the frontier and built the Great Northern Wilderness, so some new place names appeared. Such as: 85 1, 852, 597, 855, Forward, Friendship, Building Sanjiang, Red Star and so on. Heilongjiang has the largest number of place names named in Chinese, and it is named no later than other national languages. For example, the name "Heilongjiang" first appeared in Liao history.

Most of the indigenous peoples in Heilongjiang Province are engaged in fishing, hunting and nomadic, and the place names closely related to this are very common, so the place names in Heilongjiang Province have the color of fishing, hunting and nomadic culture. Place names reflecting fishing and hunting activities, such as: Handaqi, Manchu, meaning "Paomagou"; Mulan is Manchu, which means "paddock"; Buzha, Manchu, means "fishing and hunting"; Asuo is Manchu, meaning "net"; Raohe, Manchu, means "land of many animals". Place names related to fishing and hunting, such as Helen, mean "otter" in Manchu; Yi Dahui is Manchu, meaning "dog"; Love is Manchu, meaning "bear"; Xiha is Manchu, meaning "small fish"; Baoqing is Manchu, which means "monkey". Place names that reflect nomadic life, such as Molidawa, are Mongolian, meaning "Mumaling"; Aduqi, Manchu, means "herdsman". Place names related to nomadism and named after animals, such as Muling, which means "horse" in Manchu; Temen River is Manchu, meaning "camel"; Hulin, formerly known as Nimako, Manchu, means "goat". In addition, there are also place names named after fishing and hunting nomadic products, such as Zhalin River, which means "musk" in Manchu; Taha is a Daur language "clam", commonly known as "clam"; Jixi, Manchu, means "hairy"; Wujimi, Manchu, means "the land of forest beekeeping".

The historical changes in Heilongjiang Province are also very complicated. Its traces of human activities can be traced back to the late Paleolithic period. In Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it was the land of Sushen and East Lake, in Han Dynasty it was the land of Lou, Fuxi and Xianbei, in Tang Dynasty it was the land of Shiwei and Mi @ 1Hé @ ②, and in Liao Dynasty it was the second road of Tokyo and Shangjing, which belonged to Lingbei and Liaoyang. In Ming Dynasty, it was named as Jurchen and Mi @1hé @ Many changes in place names are closely related to these historical and political changes. So the place names in Heilongjiang province are more complicated. Its complexity is manifested in the phenomenon of multiple names in one place and polysemy in one place. For example, Heihe City, historically known as Aihun, Ai Hu and Aihui River, was named after the Aihui River in its territory. Aihui is Manchu, which means "awesome". Aihui is divided into new Aihui City and old Aihui City, both of which are called Heilongjiang City. Heihe City, also known as Dahetun, is called "Anba Sahalian" in Manchu, and it is named after Heilongjiang [( 16)]. Heilongjiang, also known as Wulong River, was called Bath Water, Nanshui River, Wanshui River, Wangjianhe River, Shi Jian River and Heishui River in ancient times. In Manchu, it is called "Saha Lianwula", which means "Heishui River". Heilongjiang is also called amur river, with Amur Mongolian and Daur languages as "peace", Ewenki language as "river on the right" and Hezhe language as "big river" [( 17)]. Qiqihar, Liao said it was a postscript, Jin said it was Pangge City, Yuan said it was bitter, Ming said it was bitter, Qing said it was Bukui, also known as Qiqihar. Among them, Bukui is Mongolian, meaning "Hercules", and Qiqihar is Daur, meaning "Border Town". During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Longsha Lue was published, and people called it Longsha. Longsha, in ancient times, generally refers to a large area of land outside the customs, not a place. Fang Shiji (during the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, he was a Sheren of Zhongshu, and was exiled to Heilongjiang because of the literary prison disaster. ) In the name of "Longsha", he wrote a book called "Longsha Lue". Qiqihar is the resident of Heilongjiang General's yamen. That is, later generations nicknamed it "Longsha" [( 18)]. The complexity of place names in Heilongjiang province is also manifested in the fact that the same nation, different tribes or different nationalities have different names for the same area in different historical periods, and later several names can coexist. For example: Xunke, "Xun" is Manchu, meaning "milk pulp"; "Ke" means Chichet, which is the Oroqen language, meaning "paid house" [( 19)]. Mulan reached the river, which means "Jiang" in Mongolian and "Da" or "Answer" means "Yuan" in Manchu [(20)]. Suketasusu, "Suk" is Mongolian, meaning "axe"; "Taiwan" is Mongolian, meaning "you"; "Susu" is Manchu, meaning "village". In addition, some place names named after minority languages are too accommodating to the Chinese word meaning in phonographic translation, and their nationality and meaning are easily confused. For example, Zhang Guangcai Ridge is generally thought to be named after China people, but in fact, "Zhang Guangcai Ridge" is a transliteration of "covering the roots to form a forest" in Manchu, which means "good luck" [(2 1)]. Fuxigou is generally considered to be related to the rich gold in this area. In fact, "Fuxi" evolved from Manchu "Fujin" (meaning "Niangniang") and was named in Manchu. Xiaogaoliang village is usually thought to be named after its rich sorghum. In fact, there are few ethnic sorghum here. "Sorghum" means "Geolin" in Daur language, meaning "center" or "middle reaches" [22]. It can be seen that these place names are far from their families and meanings. If we only understand them from superficial phenomena, it will inevitably lead to misinformation.

The emergence and evolution of place names are related to specific historical conditions and are records of historical development. In the history of Heilongjiang Province, Xianbei, Qidan, Jurchen, Mongolia and other ethnic groups successively established the regimes of Northern Wei, Liao, Jin and Yuan. Mi 'an @1hé @ ② people also established a local government-Bohai State. As a record of their economic life, military activities and customs, they left us a large number of historical place names, some of which have been used and influenced to this day. This is another feature of place names in Heilongjiang Province. For example: iron power, Liao belongs to the land of iron power; Zhaozhou, namely Zhaozhou, Shangjing Road, Jin Dynasty; Bohai Town, the capital of Bohai Kingdom, to Longquan House in Beijing. In the Tang Dynasty, after Buddhism was introduced into the Bohai Sea, place names reflecting religious beliefs appeared. For example: Foshan, Guanyin Mountain, Lama River, etc. Nian Chi in Yuan Dynasty, Weishuo in Ming Dynasty and Karen State in Qing Dynasty all left a large number of historical place names. For example, Kolo, located in the middle of Nenjiang County, was the Kolo Station in Yuan Dynasty, and it was a stop on the traffic trunk line from Xiangzhou (now Nong 'an County, Jilin Province) to Ayu (now Aihui County) in Yuan Dynasty [(23)]. Feiketu, that is, Feiketuwei in Ming Dynasty. Weiketu originated from the jurchen language "Pigudun", which means "rest" and "figure" means "standing" [24]]. Sanka, located in the south of Huma County, was set up on the right bank of Heilongjiang in the Qing Dynasty to strengthen border defense, and later it was called a place name. The 18th station in Huma, 19th station in Tahe and 22nd station are all stations on the gold mining plank road from Nenjiang to Mohe in Qing Dynasty [(25)]. Some place names have their historical legends, such as Hulan, which is Manchu, meaning "chimney". According to legend, during the Kangxi period, a garrison was set up at the mouth of the Hulan River, hence the name. Karen Mountain, Manchu, means "post station". Legend has it that Karen was established here during the reign of Kangxi. The rouge ditch is said to be called [(26)] because Empress Dowager Cixi used the gold produced here as the fund to buy rouge. Gun Mountain, according to legend, was fired on this mountain in order to counter the Russian aggression during the Kangxi period. In addition, some historical place names have changed with the development of history. For example, Yingcheng in the northwest of Wuchang County was the place where Haidongqing (a falcon) was domesticated and paid tribute to the emperor in the Qing Dynasty, so it was called "Eagle City", and now it is changed from "Eagle" to "Camp"; Has lost its original intention [(27)]. Wan Licheng in Huachuan County is Wali and Tun in Qing Dynasty. Wali in Manchu means "giving up" and "abandoning". "Hetun" means "city". Therefore, Wan Licheng was a ghost town in the Qing Dynasty. There are still relics of ancient abandoned cities in this area [(28)].

To sum up, the place names in Heilongjiang Province basically reflect the historical evolution, ethnic distribution and migration, folk customs, religious beliefs, economic life and other aspects of the region. Therefore, revealing the emergence, evolution and characteristics of place names in Heilongjiang Province is helpful to deeply understand and study the formation, historical geography, national historical situation and historical events of multi-source integrated culture in Heilongjiang Province, and to give play to local advantages and carry forward national culture.

Precautions:

(1) According to the bulletin of Heilongjiang Provincial Bureau of Statistics on 1990 provincial census.

(2) Zhang Shengxue et al.: Geography of Heilongjiang Province, p. 229.

(3)(4) Deng Qinglin: Textual Research on Geographical Names in Heilongjiang, p. 37 and 57. (The book is quoted in many places in this article).

(5)(6) Ai Jing: the origin of street place names in Harbin, the history of Harbin, 1994, 1,1.

(7) Deng Qinglin: Textual Research on Geographical Names in Heilongjiang Province, p. 1 169.

(8)( 14)(22) ao: "On Daur and Manchu Villagers in Tahe River Basin and Their Brief History", Heilongjiang Ethnic Series, 1990, No.3, pp. 72-73.

(9) (10) (11) (12) Lee Beon Duo: A Place Name Guide of Heilongjiang, pp. 29 1, 323, 326, 3 15.

(13) Yan Fang: A Brief History of Ethnic Minorities in Heilongjiang Province, p. 146.

(15) Gan Zhigeng and Sun Xiuren: Outline of Ancient Ethnic History in Heilongjiang, p. 327.

(16) (18) (20) (23) (24) (27) Deng Qinglin: Textual Research on Geographical Names in Heilongjiang, No.68, 19-20, 184, 78, 38.

(17)(2 1)(28) Ma Yueshan and Li Yanping: On the Characteristics of Geographical Names in Heilongjiang Province, Northern Cultural Relics, 1985, No.2, pp. 53-56.

(19)(25)(26) Lee Beon Duo: Guide to Geographical Names of Heilongjiang Province, pp. 309, 3 15, 3 18, 322.

(The author of this article is Hao Qingyun, a lecturer in the History Department of Harbin Normal University)

Notes about words not stored in fonts:

@ ① Add the original word leather to the right.

@ ② The original word leather is added to the right.

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