Next, I will elaborate on common prepositions from five parts: the definition and characteristics of prepositions, common prepositions and their classification, grammatical characteristics of prepositions, ancient Chinese prepositions and usage of common prepositions.
Definition and characteristics of 1. preposition
2. Commonly used prepositions and their classification
Different experts classify prepositions in different ways, but they are all similar. According to the relationship between prepositional phrases and actions and shapes, they can be roughly divided into the following categories:
(1) Giving-receiving preposition: used to lead out the giver or the receiver, mainly including: Ba, Bei, Jiao, Let, Give, You, Jiang, Gui, etc.
For example, snowflakes dye the world white (leading to suffering), so let the children come out to play (leading to paying).
(2) Modal prepositions: the ways, methods and tools used to elicit actions, mainly including: use, take, rely on, press, evidence, take, follow, follow and base.
For example, speak with facts and proceed as planned.
③ Prepositions of time and place: used to introduce the time, place, place, direction, starting point or end point of an action, mainly including: zi, da, cong, zai, dang, Yu, Qian, Xiang, Chao, zi, cong, er, along and down.
Since he decided to go out for an inspection, he has been busy making preparations from morning till night every day.
④ prepositional object: used to introduce the object or scope involved in the action, mainly including: right, right, agreement, as for, follow, sum, identity, substitution, comparison, exclusion, etc.
For example, the teacher told everyone that learning is the first priority for students.
⑤ Cause and purpose preposition: used to elicit the cause, consequence or purpose of an action, mainly including: cause, reason, cause, behavior, purpose, etc.
For example, for the sake of development, Qi Xin worked together to overcome difficulties and was proud of the achievements.
3. Grammatical features of prepositions
Prepositions are function words, which cannot be used alone, nor can they act as subjects and predicates.
(2) Prepositions cannot overlap, nor can they carry dynamic auxiliary words "le, zhe and guo". This point will be elaborated in detail when distinguishing verbs from prepositions. )
③ A preposition must be followed by a noun to form a prepositional phrase, which acts as a sentence component as a whole. For example, several prepositions such as "zai, Xiang, Yu, Dao, gei and zi" can be directly attached to verbs or other words to form a whole, which is equivalent to a transitive verb, followed by an object. For example, Fall on Me, Run to 2 1 century, It depends on your exam results.
Preposition phrases are often used as adverbials, and a few can be used as complements, attributes, objects and subjects. However, it should be noted that "de" should be added when the subject-object structure is used as an attribute, such as "Evaluation of Historical Figures" and "Book on the Table", and the subject-object structure cannot be used as a predicate.
Prepositions are parts of speech grammaticalized from verbs. Verbs are notional words, which mainly act as predicates in sentences; Prepositions belong to function words, and the subject-object structure is mainly used as adverbial before the predicate or as complement after the predicate.
Prepositions in modern Chinese are mostly evolved from ancient Chinese, and some words have both preposition and verb functions. For example: in, for, than, to, to, trend, after, through, etc.
The difference between the two is that:
(1) Verbs can definitely deny reduplication to indicate doubt, prepositions can't.
Is he in the dormitory (verb)
He wrote some words on the blackboard.
(2) Whether there are other verbs before and after "x+object", and if there are other verbs, "x" is a preposition; If there are no other verbs, "X" is a verb. For example:
The train arrived at the station. (verb)
The train didn't come in until eleven o'clock. (preposition)
He is in the dormitory. (verb)
He lives in a dormitory. (preposition)
(3) Most verbs can take dynamic auxiliary words, but prepositions can't.
The car passed the Bayi Bridge. (verb)
After careful consideration, he decided to go to Xinjiang. (preposition)
He gave me a book. (verb)
He bought me a book. (preposition)
Mainly give two groups of common examples to illustrate:
One is "harmony, consistency, consistency and harmony"
These words are sometimes conjunctions and sometimes prepositions, which belong to the same category and are difficult to distinguish. My brother and my sister left. (conjunction)? My brother borrows books from my sister. (preposition)
There are three main ways to distinguish:
The (1) conjunctions have the same components and can be interchanged with each other, but their semantics are basically unchanged. Prepositions have primary and secondary components and cannot be interchanged, otherwise the meaning will be completely changed. For example:
Li Lei and Han Mei left together. = Li Lei left with Han Mei.
Li Lei borrowed books from Han Mei. Li Lei borrowed books from Han Mei.
(2) If the words "all, all and together" can be inserted before the predicate, then "he, follow, the same, and" must be a conjunction at this time. For example:
Li Lei and Han Mei left together. Both Li Lei and Han Mei have left.
Li Lei borrowed books from Han Mei. Both Li Lei and Han Mei borrow books.
(3) If some adverbials (such as "always, always") can be inserted before "he, heel, tonghe", it must be a preposition. For example:
Li Lei and Han Mei left together. Li Lei has been with Han Mei.
Li Lei borrowed books from Han Mei. Li Lei has been borrowing books from Han Mei.
The second is "because, because"
They are all prepositions, used in single sentences; Another conjunction, used in compound sentences. The way to distinguish is: if it is followed by a part-of-speech word, it is a preposition. If it is followed by a predicate, it is a conjunction. For example:
He stayed abroad for three years because of his work. (preposition)
Thanks to the correct guidance of the teacher, everyone made rapid progress. (conjunction)
He was praised for it. (preposition)
He was praised for saving lives. (conjunction)
4. Prepositions in ancient Chinese
Ancient prose is actually our great treasure house, but usually we will encounter various obstacles when reading. In order to facilitate everyone to read and understand all kinds of materials, here is a brief introduction to some knowledge of prepositions in ancient Chinese.
First of all, the characteristics of preposition structure in ancient Chinese.
1, Word Order Features-The objects of prepositions in ancient Chinese are usually placed after prepositions like those in modern Chinese, but the objects of a few prepositions (mainly "yi") are placed before prepositions because of the need of expression.
"Consistent" means consistent. The object of the preposition "one" is placed before the preposition.
"Why do you want to fight?" That is, "how to fight." The interrogative pronoun "he" acts as the object of the preposition "one" and is placed before the preposition.
2. Ellipsis-In modern Chinese, the object of prepositions cannot be omitted, while in ancient Chinese, the objects of prepositions such as "I, Wei, He and Cong" can sometimes be omitted.
"Little people have a mother, have tasted the rice of little people, and have never drunk the soup of the king. Please leave it to (). "(China's view of ancient literature. Zheng Boke Duan Yanyu)-The object "Tang" of the preposition "one" is omitted here.
"Yan led the troops to the east of Jimo, and Dr. Jimo went to battle and lost." (Biography of Historical Records and Tian Dan)-The object "Yan Bing" of the preposition "Yu" is omitted here.
3. Grammatical function-The prepositional structure in ancient Chinese is composed of "reason, action and harmony", which is generally used as an adverbial, just like modern Chinese. The subject-object structure composed of the word "Yu" is mostly used as a complement except "dui" and "yue". The object-object structure of the word "one" can be used as adverbial and complement, and modern Chinese is generally expressed by adverbial.
"There is a bird in the south called Mongolian pigeon. It uses feathers as its nest and weaves for hair. " (Encourage learning)-The former prepositional structure "Feather" is placed before the verb as an adverbial, and the latter prepositional structure "Hair" is placed after the verb as a complement. Translated today, they are all translated into adverbials.
Followed by several prepositions commonly used in ancient Chinese.
Yu (Yu, Hu)
1. The time, place or range of the import action can be translated as "in", "from", "to" ... ".
For example, Xuanzitian was located in Shoushan and abandoned in Sangzi. ("Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan Two Years")
2. The object involved in the introduction action can be translated as "giving" or "opposing".
For example, present all the outstanding achievements of the four foreigners to the king. ("Thirty-one Years of Zuo Zhuan and Zhuang Gong")
3. Make a complement after adjectives or a few verbs expressing psychological activities, and introduce the object of comparison, which can be translated as "more than ……".
For example, tyranny is fiercer than tigers. (Tyranny is fiercer than tiger)
4. It can be translated as "Bei" when it is used after the passive verb to indicate the initiative of the action.
For example, hard-working people govern others, and hard-working people govern others. ("Mencius" Teng Wengong)
Note: the preposition "Yu" is sometimes written as "Hu" in ancient books, and the usage of "Hu" as a preposition is roughly the same as "Yu".
For example, I heard the Tao before I was born, so I learned from it. ("Shi Shuo")
along with
"One" was originally a verb, which basically means "use". Grammaticalization as a preposition is also related to the meaning of "use".
1. Introduce the tools, means, conditions and basis on which the action depends, which can be translated as "use", "take", "rely on" and "basis".
For example, Jiang conspired with his son to get him drunk and send him away. Wake up, one by one. ("Zhong Er Exile")
2. Introduce the objects or people involved in the action.
When introducing the object handled by the action, "one" is equivalent to "ba".
For example, Chen Zi told Mencius what he said. ("Mencius Gongsun Chou")
When introducing people involved in actions and behaviors, "one" often means "leadership".
For example, the clan that Gong followed. ("Public admonition against false Taoism")
3. Introduce the reason and motivation of the action, which can be translated as "because".
For example, a gentleman does not praise others with words, nor does he waste words with others. ("The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong")
4. Introduce the time when the action happened, which can be translated as "in".
For example, Wen was born on May 5th. (Biography of Historical Records and Meng Changjun)
The preposition "one" is often combined with verbs "you" and "nothing" to form fixed usages such as "one" and "none". "Yes" is equivalent to "something (or method) is used for ……" and "nothing (or method) is equivalent to" nothing (or method) is used for …… ".
For example, if a wise old man dies, he should respond. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
for
In ancient times, "Wei" was originally a verb with a very wide meaning. After its pronunciation becomes a preposition, when the actor is introduced into the passive sentence, it is pronounced as wéi, and all other prepositions are pronounced as Wé i. ..
1. introduces objects related to actions and behaviors.
"Wei" indicates who the action is for, which can be translated as "give", "replace" and "help".
For example, when Zhuang Gong ascended the throne, he required a system. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
"Wei" means to whom the action is sent, which can be translated into "Xiang" and "Right".
Such as the dispute between longevity and dyeing, comparable to Cheng Kuang, but invincible. (Warring States Policy)
2. Introduce the reason or purpose of the action.
The word "one" that introduces the reason of action can be translated into "because".
For example, the sky is always there, not for Yao's survival or Jay's death. ("Xun Tian Zi Lun")
The word "to" for the purpose of introduction can be translated into "to" and "to".
For example, the world is bustling for profit, and the world is bustling for profit. (Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi)
3. In passive sentences, the person who introduces the action can be translated as "Bei".
For example, a rabbit can't be recovered, but it is a small fruit as a song. (waiting for the rabbit)
and
The preposition "he" also comes from the grammaticalization of verbs. There are mainly the following usages:
1, introduce the other side of the stream owner when the action is issued. It can be translated into "he", "tong" and "heel".
For example, Wang cut off his heart in order to form an alliance with his followers. ("Zuo Zhuan Wu Ruao")
2. Introduce the service object of the action, which can be translated as "Wei", "Wei" and "Wei".
For example, when Chen She was young, he tried to farm with human servants. (The Chen She Family)
3. Introduce the object of comparison, which can be translated as "compared with …" and "for …"
For example, accepting time is the same as managing the world, while disaster is different from managing the world. ("Xun Tian Zi Lun")
When "he" is used with the interrogative pronoun "who", a fixed structure "who and" is formed, which roughly means "he ... is more than who (which) ...".
For example, who is Xu Hongmei and me in the north of the city? ("Warring States Policy Zou Ji satirizes Wang Qike to teach")
Sometimes, when comparing the existing conclusions, "right and wrong" has the rhetorical meaning of "where can it be compared".
For example, if you think about it in the big sky, which is the storage of things? ("Xun Tian Zi Lun")
5. Common prepositions and their usage (jingle)
There is no end to learning. I hope everyone will go hand in hand on the road of preposition learning and go forward bravely!