Strong parade travelers in ancient East Asia? East Asian travelers at different stages of life will be selected to show you the ancient East Asian world and culture. What was the first launch? Autumn rolls? Ren Yuan, the third generation descendant of Tiantai Sect in Japan, was tempered in the Tang Dynasty.
Japan's harmonious fruit is a traditional snack with both form and spirit, and all parts of Japan have their own characteristics. Moreover, the production of fruit requires a lot of labor, and naming is also very learned. They are usually named after couplets, haiku, historical allusions or natural scenery. Are you online? A Xin? In Yamagata Prefecture, my hometown, there is a temple called Lishi Temple, which is famous for its profound artistic conception and delicious red bean stuffing. What's the name of this fruit? 円さ? (round mulberry).
Who is Ren Yuan (794-864)? Kyoto, which best represents the ancient Japanese capital, has Bi Mi Shan in the northeast. Liyan Temple in the mountain has been the general mountain of Tiantai Sect of Japanese Buddhism and an important Dojo of Japanese Buddhism since it was founded by Zuyi at the end of the eighth century. 1994, Liyan Temple was designated as a world cultural heritage. Ren Yuan is a monk of Liyan Temple in Pipa Mountain. He crossed the sea from Japan in the ninth century to the Tang Dynasty for ten years. After returning to China, he was respected by the royal family because of his Buddhist experience in the Tang Dynasty and his promotion and construction of Tiantai Sect and Birushan in Japan, and became an important monk in the history of Japanese Buddhism, which is still valued by believers today. Legend has it that the founder of Lishi Temple is Ren Yuan, so it naturally represents the harmony and fruit of the temple. 円さ? As a name.
In the second year of He Cheng (835), when Hirohito was 42 years old, he joined the so-called? The last envoy of the Tang Dynasty? He accepted and sent a delegation to Tang for a short-term study. Originally scheduled to set out in April in the third year of (836) (18), he failed to go to the Tang Dynasty twice, and finally set out from Hakata in June in the third year of Tang Wenzong (838) (13). After many twists and turns, I finally arrived in Yangzhou, China on July 2nd. Ren Yuan, 45, left Japan for home on September 18 in the 14th year of He Cheng (847 in the first year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty), at the age of 54. After returning to China, Ren Yuan continued to preach in Bicuo Mountain, and finally died in the sixth year of Zhenguan (in the fifth year of Xian Tong, Tang Yizong, 864) at the age of 7 1, year number? Master Cijue? .
Statue of Ren Yuan (Source: Postcard Scan)
Ren Yuan was shaved at the age of 9 (802) and entered Bijue Mountain at the age of 15 (808) to worship the most devout founder of Tiantai Sect in Japan. After the age of 36 (829), he toured the tin to give lectures in the northeast, and then returned to Biqiu Mountain to give lectures. Before he went to the Tang Dynasty, Ren Yuan was already a monk in Biqiu Mountain. He not only served as a professor of Buddhist precepts in Tiantai Sect, but also inherited the purest teachings of his teachers, and he has a lofty position in Tiantai Sect in Japan.
At the age of 42, Ren Yuan, who had such a position, chose to go to the Tang Dynasty to seek benefits and Buddhism. The important reason is that he undertook the important task entrusted by Cheng Yuan, the master of Bhikshu Mountain: to bring 30 questions about the teachings of Tiantai Sect in Japan to the National Assembly Temple in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, in order to get answers.
What was Ren Yuan's status when he entered the Tang Dynasty? Please benefit monk? Most of them have achieved some accomplishments in Japanese Buddhism, but there are still some doubts in their research, so I went to Tang for advice on China's teaching methods. Please benefit the monk to stay in the Tang Dynasty for a while. Take Ren Yuan as an example. He originally went to the Tang Dynasty with the Tang envoy, but he will also go back to Japan with the Tang envoy. What's wheel load's status with him? Learn a monk? , refers to the long-term residence, for the purpose of further study, and study in the Tang Dynasty for 20-30 years. Send a delegation of Tang envoys to Tang, and send a Tang boat to return to China next time.
In early July, 838, after Ren Yuan arrived in the Tang Dynasty, he stayed in Yangzhou for 23 1 day. While waiting for Tang's envoy Fujiwara to go to Chang 'an to make a pilgrimage to Tang Wenzong and then return to Yangzhou, Ren Yuan applied to my Yangzhou envoy Li Deyu to go to Tiantai Mountain to complete the inquiry task. However, the control of foreigners in the Tang Dynasty was quite strict, and it took a long time to apply and review at different levels.
Finally, because Ren Yuan waited for a long time to go to Tiantai Mountain Public Security Law, the round-trip time was too late to catch up with the Tang Dynasty envoys to return home, so the Tang Dynasty did not agree with him to go to Tiantai Mountain. However, Ren Yuan had to send a letter from Cheng Yuan, the abbot of Liyan Temple in Biluo Mountain, to Tiantai Mountain, send the questions raised by Liyan Temple and Xiuchan Temple to Sanguo Temple for studying abroad, and send the delegation back to Japan with the Tang Dynasty. However, Ren Yuan, who came to the Tang Dynasty after many twists and turns, was unwilling to return to China.
Due to the limitation of ancient navigation technology and the instability of walruses in the East China Sea, the maritime traffic between Japan and the Tang Dynasty is full of variables. In the records of 20 diplomatic envoys in Tang Dynasty, shipwrecks emerged one after another. Ren Yuan and his party set out from Hakata in late June in late summer and early autumn, mainly because the northeast wind was blowing during this period, which helped them to enter the Tang Dynasty with the wind. Everything went well in the first few days, but two weeks later, in the coastal waters of Yangzhou, there were strong winds and waves, the mast was broken, and the ship went with the flow, so it had to lay down its life to worship the Buddha.
Ren Yuan's life gradually changed from summer to autumn, and his experience in the Tang Dynasty was like his sea journey from Japan to the Tang Dynasty in late summer. It seemed smooth sailing at first, but after several twists and turns, it reached the Tang Dynasty. He was shipwrecked at sea and finally arrived in Ren Yuan in the Tang Dynasty. Although he also talked with many monks during his stay in Yangzhou, his original task was not achieved in the end, and his heart was naturally full of regrets. Ren Yuan was originally a teacher of Tiantai Sect in Japan. He was not complacent about his own path, nor attached to his position in Japanese Buddhism. He resolutely decided to stay in the Tang Dynasty with two apprentices and walkers to seek dharma.
With the consent of the Japanese ambassador and the assistance of Silla people, he obtained the legal identity and pass to visit the Tang Dynasty and began his nine-year journey across Hebei Road, Hedong Road, Gyeonggi Road, Duji Road, Henan Road and Jiangnan Road.
Ren Yuan and his party who went north along the coast were finally taken in by Silla people in Dengzhou, Shandong Peninsula, and lived in Chishan Fahua Hospital in Wendeng County (now Weihai, Shandong Province) for nearly eight months. When Ren Yuan heard what Silla monks said here, he knew there was a holy place, Wutai Mountain, and he turned to Wutai Mountain for tourism. In February of the fifth year of Kaicheng (840), Ren Yuan set off from Chishan Village and reached Wutai Mountain on foot 1270 km after 58 days. He stayed in Wutai Mountain for 68 days and visited the temples and shrines in Wutai Mountain.
Tourism route map of Wutai Mountain in Ren Yuan. (Painting by Mr. Wu, Ph.D., History Department, Taiwan Province Provincial University)
In July of the fifth year of Kaicheng (840) 1, Ren Yuan left Wutai Mountain, went to Chang 'an via Taiyuan, and arrived in Chang 'an fifty days later. After that, I stayed in Chang 'an for four years and more than eight months from May, 845 to May, 15.
During his stay in Chang 'an, Ren Yuan mainly lived in Chongrenfang in the southwest of Dongjie Street and Zisheng Temple hosted by Zhixuan. In Chang 'an, Ren Yuan paid special attention to learning the truth teaching method, and had many contacts with tantric schools. In addition, Ren Yuan, a foreigner, often associates with ordinary people in Chang 'an and people in the Buddhist circles, such as professional doctor Yang Lushi (whose sister is Bai Juyi's wife), Yang Jingzhi, a Qing dynasty in Dali, and Li Yuanzuo, commander-in-chief of Zuo Shence Army, etc. These people have become an important help to help him return to Japan in the future.
In the fifth year of Huichang (845), Wuzong launched a large-scale campaign to exterminate Buddhism, and the implementation and influence of his policies were vividly and truly presented in Ren Yuan's records, even though he was a foreign monk.
On April 13 of that year, Ren Yuan was forced to return to secularism, and he left Chang 'an for home on May 15. This road to hometown, because it is in the Tang society where Buddhism was destroyed, is even more difficult than entering and staying in the Tang Dynasty. A special poem written by Chang 'an monk Bai Qi to bid farewell to Ren Yuan;
It is late at home, and the letter of the sea returns to the radius. Trees are destroyed without shore, and wind produces tide. At the end of the year, the country is still far away. The king of Fujian who has fallen asleep and invited overseas China.
This poem hints at the difficult situation faced by Ren Yuan on his way back to China.
Ren Yuan was forced to return to the secular world because of the thorough implementation of the policy of destroying Buddhism at that time, but he was also allowed to return to China. After accepting the public prosecution law in Jingzhao Prefecture, he said: Since the first year of Huichang, I applied to return to Japan hundreds of times, but despite the assistance of dignitaries, I was not approved. I was able to return to China today because I was ordered to turn monks and nuns into secularists. What a joy and sorrow! ? You can imagine his inner pain.
Compared with the dangers faced by monks in China, Ren Yuan, a Japanese, is unwilling and not worried about secularization. For Ren Yuan, the most important task on his way back to China is to protect the Buddhist classics and cultural relics acquired in China in recent ten years from being confiscated and destroyed, so as to bring them back to Japan smoothly. With the letters from Yang Jingzhi and Yang Lushi, the exchanges between the states are not so difficult and received a lot of courtesy. In addition, on the way home, he met Chang 'an Bao's old brother, and on the last trip back to China, he was deeply assisted by Liu, an old acquaintance of Chuzhou and Dengzhou.
From Ren Yuan's records, we can see that many people still lend a helping hand, or provide materials, or take care of their journey, or rush to their home in the difficult time of destroying the Buddha.
Most of these people who helped Ren Yuan were his old friends or entrusted by his old knowledge. The fields where they met Ren Yuan and established relations, as well as the social network formed by these relations, clearly show that in the society of the Tang Dynasty, there really existed outside the system and organization? Flexible? Network.
Especially based on the same religious belief, the common consciousness of Buddhists was established through religious activities, and then the interpersonal network relationship was formed, indicating that religious activities and places in the Tang Dynasty were obviously an indispensable and important field in the social network.
Ren Yuan started from Chang 'an and arrived in Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) on July 3, 2005. Originally planned to return home by boat in Chuzhou, but failed to return home by sea, forced to go north to Dengzhou and stay for nearly one year and eight months. It was not until March of the first year of Dazhong (847) that Xuanzong lifted the ban on Buddhism and resumed its construction and support. Ren Yuan was relatively free to move, so he decided to return to Chuzhou by boat.
But when I arrived in Chuzhou, I heard that the ship I was going to take had already set off, so I had to stay in Chuzhou and other ships to go to Japan. Later, with the help of Silla Information Network, I finally boarded the Suzhou ship hosted by Silla Jinzhen and set foot on the land of my old country (Kashima, Songpu County, former fat country, now Fukuoka, Kyushu). It was September of the first year of Dazhong 10. Finally, in September of 18, I arrived at the split house in Dazaifu (now Fukuoka, Kyushu).
In the second year after returning to China, Hirohito was given the title of Emperor of Japan? Master lantern? , highly respected. Later, a tantric initiation ceremony was held in Japan, and the Buddhist chanting method of Wutai Mountain was introduced to Biqiu Mountain. In the first year of Qi Heng (854), he became the third generation owner of Liyan Temple in Biluo Mountain.
He once awarded the Secret Law and the Bodhisattva amulet to Japanese emperors, members of the royal family and nobles. In the sixth year of Zhenguan (864), he died. Two years later, he was killed by posthumous title, Emperor of Qinghe. Master Cijue? Number.
Ren Yuan Tower of Liyan Temple in Biluo Mountain.
At the age of 45, Ren Yuan was already a monk of Tiantai Sect in Japan. When he entered the Tang Dynasty, he was in his prime. Originally, he only planned to go to the National Assembly Temple in Tiantai Mountain to find out, and then go back to Japan with Special Envoy Tang.
You never know, but Ren Yuan didn't expect it. This trip actually made him stay in the Tang Dynasty for 10 years, and when he returned to China, he entered the autumn of his life.
In the calendar of the Tang Dynasty, he had several identities: a monk, a foreigner, a monk invited by Tiantai Sect, a visiting monk, a tantric monk seeking dharma, and for a while, he was an illegal foreigner.
Ren Yuan finally returned to Japan with Buddhist classics, Datura, images, props and cultural relics collected in the Tang Dynasty, as well as the spells and Buddhist principles he learned.
After ten years of seeking dharma in the Tang Dynasty, Ren Yuan's Buddhist practice and practice became more mature, and he became a monk who was highly valued by the emperor and promoted Tiantai Sect. When Ren Yuan got a gift after his death, his master was very sincere? Master missionary? Number. More importantly, Ren Yuan introduced the Pure Land Sect and Tiantai Sect into Tiantai Sect, which is of great significance to the later development of Tiantai Sect.
After Ren Yuan returned to China, he wrote his ten-year experience in the Tang Dynasty in four volumes, with 595 notes, totaling 80,000 words. This book records in detail his contacts with local officials, Silla people, temple monks and Buddhists, transportation calendars, customs, Buddhist activities, state affairs, etc., and presents the political, social and Buddhist development of Tang Wenzong from his later years to the early years of Xuanzong. It can be said that it is a rich and extremely precious record of the Zhuang parade, and even became a guide book for Japanese monks to come to China to seek dharma later.