1 two gold = RMB 2000 = 10 two silver 1 two silver = RMB 200 yuan = 1000 = 1 customs clearance (adjustment) money 1 = RMB 0.2 yuan in addition:/kloc-0. Only three basic units are discussed here: one paper makes money, one silver and one gold. Although the units of different generations are different, at least there is little difference after the Tang and Song Dynasties, so relatively stable and reliable data can be obtained. The exchange relationship between copper, silver and gold, like the current foreign exchange price, is constantly changing, unlike 1 yuan equals 100 points. According to the following description: "The price of gold and silver rose from 1: 8 around 1600 to 1: 10 in the middle and late 20th century, and doubled to 1: 20 by the end of 18." It is known that 1 gold can be exchanged for about 8~ 1 1 silver. Then there is: "In the early years of Daoguang, one or two pieces of silver were exchanged for silver, that is, one thousand articles; By the time of the Opium War in the 20th year of Daoguang, one or two pieces of silver could be exchanged for sixteen thousand seven hundred pieces of silver. Since Xianfeng, the price of silver has soared, and one or two pieces of silver can be exchanged for as much as 22,300 pieces of silver. " It is known that under normal circumstances, 1 silver can be exchanged for about 1000~ 1500 copper. Ancient 1 penetration money or 1 hanging money was 1000 copper coins. Metal price Because money made of gold, silver and copper is valuable in itself, theoretically the value of money should be equal to the price of metal, so we can answer "How much is a piece of silver?" In the Tang Dynasty, each Kaiyuan Bao Tong copper coin was 8 cents in diameter, 10 pieces weighed 1 2 pieces, and 1,000 pieces weighed 6 Jin 4 liang. During the reign of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, each copper coin weighed one yuan and twenty-five cents, and then increased to one yuan and four cents, so it weighed eight catties and twelve ounces per thousand articles. In ancient times, although the weight units of "two" were different, they were all about 40 grams, while "Jin" was about 700 grams. The average weight of each copper coin is 5g. At present, the price of gold, silver and copper (RMB) is as follows: gold: 100 yuan/gram of silver: 2 yuan/gram of brass: 0.02 yuan/gram. The calculated result is: 1 two gold: about 4,000 yuan 1 two silver: about 1 copper coin 80 yuan (1 Kobayashi found the following record on the Internet: "The meter (stone) is 95 cents? White rice (stone) is nine dollars and twenty-eight cents? Eight dollars and three cents for rice (stone)? White? According to the records of the Ministry of War of the Qing Dynasty, the grain prices of Shuntianfu, Daming and Xuanhua in Zhili in the first half of the fifteenth year of Guangxu were calculated based on millet, sorghum and corn, with an average of 124 cents and 60 cents per warehouse. According to 1 stone = 100 kg =70 kg, the grain price is calculated in 2 yuan RMB/kg, and the following average values can be obtained: 1 two silver: about 170 yuan, 1 copper coin (1 paper money). Now silver has been used as an industrial product, so the reference value of silver price is low. Due to the rapid development of agricultural technology, the relative price of grain is much cheaper than that in ancient times. 4. Respect the ancient exchange ratio, 5. Round the whole number up, which is easy to convert and establish perceptual knowledge. Therefore, the author suggests that the following conversion system should be adopted when encountering ancient monetary units in the future. Convenience and feeling: 1 two gold = RMB 2000 = 10 two silver 1 two silver = RMB 200 yuan = 1000 = 1 off (diao) money 1 = RMB 0.2 yuan in addition:/. Verify some ancient data provided below, so as to verify the conversion method given by Kobayashi and improve perceptual knowledge: the monthly salary of nine officials in Tang Dynasty is 5 stone meters = the monthly salary of junior civil servants in Tang Dynasty 1 1,000 yuan; The annual salary of six officials in the Qing Dynasty is 45 taels of silver = the annual salary of bureau-level cadres in the Qing Dynasty is 9000 yuan; Three years to clear the magistrate, 100 thousand snowflakes silver = those officials, that family is not tens of millions? In the early years of Qianlong, I donated a Taiwanese flower 13 122 silver = 2.7 million yuan to buy a departmental level cadre, which was clearly marked. The ancient system of weights and measures in China was extremely chaotic. There are differences between different dynasties, and there are also differences between different regions in the same dynasty. This is an indisputable fact.

The system of weights and measures in Qing dynasty was mainly "Kuping building system", which was basically the same as that in Ming dynasty. One kilogram is about 600 grams (more than 597 grams) of the international standard system. This system of weights and measures still exists in Hong Kong, Singapore and other places. For example, the gold units of measurement in Hong Kong and Singapore are "Liang" and "Qian", which are the units of measurement built by Kuping. A "two" is equivalent to 37.5 grams of international standard system, and a "money" is equivalent to 3.75 grams of international standard system.

1930s, in order to be in line with international standards, unify China's weights and measures system, solve the obstacles brought by the differences of weights and measures in different regions to economic development, and promote economic development, the Nanjing government carried out weights and measures reform. In order to meet the habitual needs of the broad masses of the people, the "Kuping construction system" was reformed into the "municipal system", and in order to be in line with international standards, the "municipal system" and the international standard system were easily converted. Specially change "a building scale" to "a city scale", which is equal to 33.33 cm = 0.3 m; One kilometer is equal to two cities. Changing "one kilogram" to "one kilogram" equals 500 grams =0.5 kilograms.

"One liter" = one liter. So this reform of weights and measures is also called "one, two, three systems". The measurement of "city system" and "library-level organizational system" is close and easy for ordinary people to accept. The conversion between urban system and metric system is simple and can be accepted by international trade. Commonly known as "gold is short and long", that is, the weight of gold is less than that of the library system, and the ruler is longer than the organizational system.

This reform of weights and measures is a success. It laid a good foundation for the reform of the weights and measures system in the future, and it is still playing its basic role today.

Another major reform during the Republic of China was the monetary reform.

During the period of Beiyang government, one of the major actions of the monetary system reform was to "scrap two pieces and change them into yuan" in the late Qing Dynasty. Although China also had silver coins, the monetary system was based on silver coins, with coins (including copper coins) as the main currency. The monetary unit is quite chaotic. There are two units of measurement: Kuping and Customs. At the same time, the fineness of silver coins and silver is also extremely inconsistent. This chaotic monetary system has greatly hindered normal economic activities. As a result, there was the first monetary reform: "Abandoning two to change yuan." That is, the Beiyang government promulgated the "National Monetary Regulations", which stipulated that the silver dollar should be used as the basic monetary unit to stop the circulation of silver and silver. One dollar of silver weighs seven points and two points of Kuping silver, and the silver content is 85\%. One yuan equals twelve angles (imitation of English system). Take copper coins as tokens and stop the circulation of copper coins. The exchange rates of one-dollar silver dollar and copper dollar basically fluctuate between 180- 188. Commonly known as "the ocean is long and the ocean is short." Every day, the silver house or bank will announce the silver price of the day. When the price of silver rises, it is called "ocean long" and when the price of silver falls, it is called "ocean short". Small private transactions are basically denominated in copper coins. Banks issue paper money in RMB, and one yuan of paper money is exchanged for one yuan of silver. Money is based on silver.

This monetary reform has basically unified the national financial system. But there are still many problems to be solved.

Another monetary reform was carried out by the Nanjing government to solve the financial crisis. In 1930s, American currency abandoned the silver standard and adopted the gold standard, which stipulated that 1 ounce of gold was equal to $35. At the same time, buying silver in the international market (London) led to an increase in the price of silver in the international market. China's monetary system is based on silver, but it does not produce much silver. The rise in the price of silver in the international market has caused a large outflow of silver from China, especially the armed smuggling by Japanese imperialism in northeast China and north China, which has caused a large outflow of silver from China. At the same time, the rising price of silver makes China's currency appreciate, imports soar, and exports are blocked, which affects the balance of international payments of economy and development. If it is not reformed in time, it will lead to the financial collapse of China. Nanjing government negotiated with Britain and the United States to provide foreign exchange guarantee for currency reform. Finally, it won the strong support of the United States (see Sino-US silver negotiations for details). Therefore, the Nanjing government decided to reform the monetary system, stop the circulation of silver dollars, and use paper money issued by the Central Bank, Bank of China, Bank of Communications and Farmers Bank (later added) as legal tender for grain trading and tax payment. Legal tender is pegged to the pound and the dollar. It is often ridiculous to watch TV plays now. The ancients could use dozens of taels, even hundreds, thousands and tens of thousands of taels of silver. What's more, you can often take out hundreds of thousands of silver tickets from your pocket.

There are two misunderstandings here. First, I thought that one or two pieces of silver in ancient times were equal to one yuan today. Second, I thought the ancient silver ticket was today's paper money or check.

In fact, China was short of silver in ancient times, and the value of silver was very high. One or two pieces of silver is equal to 1200 (before the early Qing Dynasty) to more than 3,000 (after Daoguang). Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, a catty of pork (equivalent to 65,438 +0.2 catty) only needed twenty pence, and an acre of fertile land only needed seven or eight taels of silver or twelve or thirteen pieces of silver. A few taels of silver, dozens of taels of silver is a big deal, and one hundred taels of silver is today's big money, which can buy more than ten acres of fertile land. In the Ming Dynasty, a civilian's life was only one and a half cents a year, so Qi Jiguang's pay was only three cents a day, less than one or two cents a month. It was a little more expensive in the Qing Dynasty, mainly because of the large foreign trade surplus before the Opium War and the decline in the price of silver after a large amount of silver flowed in. Later, after a large amount of compensation, the price of silver and copper rose again. Ordinary people use copper coins. Copper coins were used in the late Qing dynasty, and silver was rarely used in daily transactions. Many ordinary people have never seen silver until they die. So when you say you have no money (poverty), you use "no copper money" instead of "no silver" This is also one of the reasons why people often value silver.

In the Republic of China, silver dollars began to circulate and were called national currency. People call it "Yuan Datou". Its value is also relatively high, and it can be exchanged for copper coins above 180. According to the current price level, today's purchasing power, one yuan of silver is about equal to today's RMB for 35 yuan. Considering the development of production and the decline in the prices of grain and daily necessities, 1 Yuan Bai silver is about equal to RMB 100 today. If calculated by the price of silver, it is about RMB 50-60 yuan today. At that time, running a better printing and dyeing factory cost less than 10 thousand yuan. At that time, buying a better car was about 1000 yuan. So there won't be a situation where you take out a silver dollar to buy a steamed bread, at most a copper coin.

In fact, the silver ticket is an exchange certificate issued by Shanxi draft bank, which is secret, not a bank note (banknote) that can be redeemed at sight. You have to pay an exchange fee to use the silver ticket.

Businessmen who do big business need silver tickets. You can avoid the risk of carrying a lot of cash, and it is convenient and the cost is similar to that of carrying a lot of cash yourself. Neither ordinary people nor officials need it. So there won't be hundreds of thousands of silver tickets out of their pockets to pay the bill. Even if you pay, businesses and ordinary people will not accept it. Its circulation is not as good as today's personal checks.