(1) Productivity: There were ditch irrigation systems and wine-making industry in Xia Dynasty. Besides pottery, jade, shellfish and bronzes, handicrafts in the late Xia Dynasty also produced bronze. In Erlitou, Yanshi, the site of smelting and casting bronze in Xia Dynasty was discovered. Unearthed bronzes have small tools, such as knives, cones, chisels, spears, fish hooks and so on. The weapons are ge and qi. At that time, bronze can be used as a vector cluster, which shows that the output is considerable: Yu collected gold from Jiumu and cast Jiuding (Historical Records of Emperor Wu), which shows that the smelting and casting of bronze has developed to a certain extent in all parts of the country. According to the scientific theory of historical materialism, the slave-owning society is connected by metal tools, which shows that the productivity of China in Xia Dynasty has reached this level.
(2) Production relations and class composition: As far back as the late patriarchal society in the middle and late Dawenkou culture, the polarization between the rich and the poor appeared in China society, and the class finally appeared in the Xia Dynasty.
(1) slave. It was mainly transformed from prisoners obtained in the looting war between clans and tribes, and some of them were enslaved by poor members of clan commune. In the Xia Dynasty, there were all kinds of slaves. Those engaged in agricultural production are called Min, Zhong and Zhong, those engaged in animal husbandry are called Mucha or Li Bai, and slaves of slave owners are called male and female servants. They are all burdened with unimaginable hard work and regarded as tools of speech by slave owners, and they have no surnames. Their fate is extremely tragic.
(2) slave owners. Most of them were transformed from clan nobles and tribal leaders at the end of patriarchal society. They seized a lot of wealth in the exchange, expanded their power in the war, and finally became the slave owner class with all the means of production and producers themselves, and became the rulers of the whole society. People in ancient literature refer to this class, because only they are qualified to protect their surnames from totem worship, and they have the right to kill slaves who have killed their surnames.
(3) civilians. This is the middle class outside the two opposing classes of slaves and slave owners. Most of them are composed of clan members alienated from nobles at all levels and members of the original clan commune. Although they still retain the identity of freemen, they are also members of the nobility at all levels and are exploited and oppressed by the latter. In ancient China, the number of this class was quite large, which played a significant role, and most of them lived in the capital city. They were later called China people.
The class constitution of Xia Dynasty accords with the Marxist theory about the social relations of production of slave ownership, but it also has some China characteristics.