Historical clues and stage characteristics
1, basic clue
This unit covers the period from 6.5438+0.7 million years ago to 2265.438+0 BC before the unification of Qin, including the initial formation of primitive society, slave society and feudal society.
(1) primitive society (omitted)
② Slave society: from 2070 BC to 476 BC.
(1) The Xia Dynasty (about 2070 BC to 65438 BC+0600 BC) was founded by Yu, and the first slavery dynasty in China was the period when slavery was established in the history of China.
② The Shang Dynasty (about 1600 BC to 1046 BC) was established from the Tang Dynasty to its demise. Merchants have a high degree of slavery civilization, which is the development period of slavery.
③ The Western Zhou Dynasty (about 1046 BC to 77 BC1year) was founded by Zhou Wuwang and died in Zhou Youwang. It has established a complete political and economic system, is an unprecedented slave country, and is the heyday of the slave society.
(4) The Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC) was a period of development of productive forces, decline of Zhou royal family, hegemony of great powers, strengthening of national integration, and active ideological and cultural fields, which was the embryonic period of the disintegration of slavery and feudal relations of production.
(3) The Warring States Period (475 BC to 22 BC1year) was the period when the feudal system was formed. The merger war was fierce, and local unification was formed. The emerging landlord class made use of political power to carry out political reform, establish feudal relations of production, develop social economy rapidly, and strengthen national integration, reaching the first peak in the history of China.
2. Basic characteristics
(1) Basic characteristics of slave society: ① Slave society experienced four stages: Xia (formation), Shang (development), Western Zhou (heyday) and Spring and Autumn (disintegration); (2) On the political system, Xia established a slave country and Shang strengthened the state machine. The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the system of enfeoffment, and the hegemony war in the Spring and Autumn Period and the appearance of iron ware and Niu Geng led to the disintegration of the political system and economic foundation of slave society. The hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period objectively accelerated the pace of reunification and promoted national integration. ③ splendid culture.
(2) The basic characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: the disintegration of slavery and the formation of feudalism.
Politics: ① The royal family declined in Zhou Dynasty, the power moved down, and the political power was gradually in the hands of the emerging landlord class. They used the power of political power to carry out top-down political reforms and changes, and the political systems of various countries have undergone fundamental changes. A centralized political system was gradually established. (2) great powers strive for hegemony, wars are frequent, and society moves from division to unity. (3) Ethnic integration has accelerated, and the Chinese nation has gradually formed.
Economy: ① Well-field system gradually disintegrated, feudal relations of production sprouted and gradually replaced slavery relations of production. ② Great development of productivity: the use of iron and Niu Geng; There has been a major innovation in handicraft technology. (3) The policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business" was started.
Culture: ① A hundred schools of thought contend. ② Technology leads the world. 3 literary and artistic glory.
Backbone knowledge integration
1, social and political change and development
(1) primitive society (omitted)
(2) During the Xia, Shang, Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Period, the monarchy with the monarch as the core and the political system based on the enfeoffment system.
(1) Xia Qi replaced the abdication system with the hereditary system of the throne. Xia established armed forces, set up official posts and prisons, formulated criminal laws, completed state institutions, and formed a slave country in an all-round way.
② The state machinery and political system of slavery in Shang Dynasty were further improved. In the later period, the social contradictions were sharp, and the burning punishment showed the cruelty of slavery.
(3) The slavery system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was complete, with Jing Tian system in economy and enfeoffment system in politics, which maintained the relationship and order between the central and local governments and within the ruling class. The main events are the Battle of King Wu, the Battle of Makino and the "China Riot".
(4) During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou royal family declined, losing its status as co-owner of the world, and the slavery order was destroyed, forming a situation of five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. The main events are Kwai Meng, Chengpu War and Guanzhong Reform.
(3) The formation period of feudal society-Warring States: the war for hegemony continued, the political pattern changed, and the number of vassal States decreased; The new national tax system and laws have promoted the gradual establishment of private ownership of land; Through the political reforms in various countries, the enfeoffment system was gradually replaced by the county system, the hereditary privileges of the slave owners and nobles were abolished, the centralization of the emerging landlord class was strengthened, and the new feudal system was finally established. The main events are the division of the three ethnic groups into Jin, Tian Dynasty Qi, Changping War and Shang Yang's political reform.
2. Socio-economic development and changes
(1) primitive social economy (omitted)
(2) Slave social economy (omitted)
(3) Social economy in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
The arrival of the Iron Age and the popularization of Niu Geng marked a significant improvement in the level of productive forces. The establishment of feudal system, the emergence of new ways of exploitation and new land ownership, and the improvement of workers' personal status have greatly promoted the development of productive forces. The progress of irrigation has also promoted the development of agriculture. The softening treatment technology of cast iron, the new technology of gold and silver dislocation and clamping technology, and the appearance of handicraft monograph "Flower King Gong Ji" mark the development of industrial technology. Some political and commercial centers have further developed, and social life also reflects the distinctive characteristics of the times.
3. Strengthen national integration.
The pre-Qin period was the foundation period for the formation of the Chinese nation. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and surrounding areas and ethnic minorities developed. In frequent wars and economic and cultural exchanges, ethnic integration has been further accelerated and economic and cultural ties have been strengthened. These laid the foundation for the formation of a unified multi-ethnic country in the Qin Dynasty.
4. The development of ideology and culture during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Due to the development of productive forces, drastic changes in social politics and economy, and changes in people's concepts, the first peak of ideological emancipation and cultural development appeared in Chinese history. (2) A hundred schools of thought contend in the ideological field, forming an unprecedented new atmosphere of a hundred schools of thought contend. (3) A series of groundbreaking literary achievements have emerged, among which The Book of Songs, essays of various schools of thought, Qu Yuan and Li Sao are its representatives. ④ Painting and music become independent art forms. Outstanding scientific and technological achievements, especially astronomy, physics and medicine.
Understanding of law and method
1. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was a period of great historical change and social transformation. We should pay special attention to analyzing the manifestations and causes of social transformation and illustrate this historical phenomenon with examples. At the same time, we should pay attention to the social transformation in the history of China and the world.
2. To master the manifestations and reasons of the development of social productive forces in the Warring States period, we should summarize its development laws, such as tool innovation, production technology progress, ruling policies, water conservancy construction, social change, people's labor, etc.
Reform is one of the main factors of social progress. A correct understanding of the cause, content and influence of the political reform movement in the Warring States represented by Shang Yang is helpful to deepen the understanding of social reforms in different periods, regions and natures.
4. According to the relationship among politics, economy, ideology and culture, analyze the causes of cultural phenomena such as a hundred schools of thought contend, and pay attention to the origin and development of ancient humanistic spirit in China.
5. Strengthen the understanding of the following aspects: recognize that the development of social productive forces is the fundamental reason for the change of social form; To understand the relationship between economic base and superstructure, the change of production relations must adapt to the law of productivity development level; Ideological and cultural achievements are the inevitable reflection of politics and economy in a certain historical period.
Unit 2 Period of feudal unification-Qin and Han Dynasties
Historical clues and stage characteristics
1, basic clue
This unit includes the rule of Qin and Han Dynasties, from 22 1 year BC to 220 AD, mainly including the political and economic system, the development of frontier nationalities, foreign relations, cultural achievements and characteristics of Qin and Han Dynasties. Qin and Han Dynasties created a series of important political and economic systems, which was the first period of China's feudal unification and the foundation of China's unified multi-ethnic country.
2. Basic characteristics
Overall characteristics: the initial development of feudal society.
(1) Politically: ① The centralized political system of feudal absolutism was established and consolidated. The secretariat system, procuratorial system, county system and feudal system have been developing continuously; (2) The disadvantages of the feudal system began to appear: the problem of consorts' eunuchs' autocratic power, the problem of tyrannical landlords, land annexation and so on. (3) A unified multi-ethnic feudal country was formed and developed continuously, and the national territory was greatly expanded; ④ Initial development of foreign exchanges.
(2) Economically: ① the initial development of feudal economy; (2) Qin, unified measurement and currency are beneficial to social and economic development; (3) The policy of recuperation was implemented in the Han Dynasty; ④ The economic development is mainly in the Yellow River Basin in the north; Foreign trade is frequent, and the Silk Road and Maritime Silk Road have been opened.
(3) Culturally: ① Qin and Han dynasties have outstanding cultural characteristics; ② Outstanding scientific and technological achievements, with many leading scientific and technological achievements in the world; (3) The rulers strengthened their ideological control: Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism" and Han Wudi "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone"; ④ Foreign ideology and culture (Buddhism and related literature and art) began to be introduced into China; ⑤ Compared with superstitious thoughts such as "divine right of monarch", materialistic thoughts appeared; ⑥ Outstanding achievements have been made in history, literature, sculpture and painting.
Backbone knowledge integration
1, political development
(1) completely unified
The Qin dynasty ended the feudal lords' struggle for hegemony, completed the national unification, and took measures to consolidate the unification.
(2) the establishment of feudal ruling ideology
Qin Shihuang regarded legalism as the basic ruling thought. In order to meet the needs of "great unification", Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and took Confucianism as the ruling ideology. Since then, Confucianism has become the ruling ideology of the whole feudal society in China.
(3) Political system
As the foundation of feudal society, Qin and Han Dynasties created a series of far-reaching political systems.
(1) The establishment and development of authoritarian centralization.
A during the warring States period, Han feizi advocated "taking law as the foundation" and establishing a centralized feudal country with absolute monarchy.
B the establishment of the Qin dynasty: the central government established the system of three public officials and nine officials, and the local government implemented the county system, and established a whole set of official system and local administrative system.
C. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, "Han inherited the Qin system" and followed centralized autocracy. Locally, the county system was implemented, and the county and state parallel system was implemented. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty solved the problem of the kingdom and strengthened the centralization of absolutism.
D at the beginning of the eastern Han dynasty, the supervision system was strengthened and centralization was further strengthened.
② Other pioneering systems in Qin and Han Dynasties.
A. In order to strengthen local supervision, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established a secretariat system; During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the secretariat system further developed, and Zhou became the highest local administrative region.
B the procuratorial system implemented in the Han dynasty is an important system for selecting officials.
C. The household registration system implemented in the Han Dynasty is not only a system for the feudal state to manage the people, but also a system of labor.
(D) Peasant Uprising
There are mainly Chen Sheng, Guangwu Uprising in the late Qin Dynasty and the Yellow Scarf Uprising in the late Han Dynasty. The reasons for the outbreak of the uprising are as follows: first, the feudal corvee was heavy and the land annexation was serious; Second, the feudal rule was cruel; The third is political darkness. Chen Sheng and Uprising, with the call of anti-Qin tyranny, cracked down on feudal rule and forced some adjustments to feudal relations of production after the establishment of the new dynasty.
2, social economy (omitted)
3. Ethnic relations and foreign relations
(1) New progress has been made in ethnic relations. Through war, reconciliation, exploration and development, the relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and neighboring nationalities was solved, and national integration was strengthened.
(2) The Qin Dynasty was the foundation of a unified multi-ethnic country, which strengthened the rule of the Yue nationality areas in the southeast and south, attacked the Huns in the north to obtain the Hetao area, and built the Great Wall. Qin attaches importance to the development of border areas.
(3) The Han Dynasty is the development period of a unified multi-ethnic country. Xiongnu in the north, Yue nationality in the south, ethnic minorities in the southwest and countries in the western regions all had different forms of exchanges and contacts with the Central Plains. The relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu: when the strength is weak, the pro-peace policy is adopted, and when the strength is strong, military strikes are carried out. Zhang Qian, Ban Chao and others became attached to the Western Regions, which made the Central Plains and the Western Regions increasingly close. The establishment of the western regions' capital protection office marks that the western regions formally belong to the central government. In addition, set up counties in the southwest to strengthen management.
(4) The Han Dynasty began active foreign exchange, which was closely related to the economy and culture of neighboring countries. The East Asian cultural circle with China as the core is expanding day by day, which has broken through the scope of East Asia and started to go to the world, as far away as Europe and Africa. The opening of the Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road has established direct contact with Rest and Daqin.
5. Cultural achievements
(1) The Qin and Han Dynasties were a period of great development of Chinese ancient culture, which summarized and sublimated the cultural achievements of the pre-Qin period and laid the foundation for the further development of later culture.
(2) Cultural characteristics: ① the organic combination of unity and diversity; ② Frequent cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries; ③ The level ranks among the top in the world; 4 the momentum is magnificent.
(3) Outstanding scientific achievements: In terms of astronomical calendar, taichu calendar, written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, is the first complete almanac in China, and the record of sunspots in the Western Han Dynasty is recognized as the earliest record in the world; Zhang Heng made the earliest scientific explanation of solar eclipse in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and made the first seismograph in the world. Many important achievements of Nine Chapters Arithmetic were the most advanced in the world at that time. There are a large number of medical books such as Huangdi Neijing, Shennong Materia Medica, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and famous doctors such as Zhang Zhongjing and Hua Tuo. In the Han Dynasty, the invention of papermaking was one of the important symbols that China became an ancient civilization in the world.
(4) Philosophy and religious development: ① During the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu's Neo-Confucianism gained a dominant position. (2) The Eastern Han Dynasty advocated materialism, and the representative achievement was Wang Chong and his book Lun Heng. ③ Ancient religions basically formed a new pattern: Buddhism was introduced, and Emperor Hanming emphasized Buddhism; Taoism came into being, and Taiping Jing is its main classic.
(5) Great achievements in history, literature and art: (1) Historical Records and Hanshu laid a model for compiling ancient Chinese history books. ② Fu and Yuefu poems have made outstanding achievements. (3) The sculpture is brilliant and the painting art is rich and colorful. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are known as "the eighth wonder of the world".
Understanding of law and method
1. The Qin and Han Dynasties was the first peak of the development of feudal society in China, the period when China's feudal political and economic system was laid, and the period when Chinese and foreign cultures blended, ethnic relations developed, and science and technology flourished. When reviewing, we should guide students to grasp the characteristics of the unit era from the main line of unifying the formation and development of a multi-ethnic country, summarize the changes and characteristics in politics, economy, culture and ethnic relations, and improve their ability to summarize, compare, summarize and understand problems.
2. Starting from the concept of applying what you have learned, learning history serves reality. Therefore, when studying the history of this army, we should pay attention to summing up the experience and lessons of Qin's death and Han's prosperity, and serve the development of today's society. In addition, the Qin Dynasty was the first unified feudal dynasty in China. In the later historical development, although there have been many divisions, unity is the mainstream of history and the inevitable trend of historical development. Therefore, it is an irresistible historical trend for China to finally realize the reunification of the motherland.
3. To investigate centralized absolutism, we must first explain its meaning and characteristics, and grasp it from the characteristics that local power is concentrated in the central government and central power is concentrated in the emperor. It is necessary to evaluate this system comprehensively and objectively, especially during the formation of feudal society. Its positive role in maintaining national unity and promoting political, economic and cultural development is primary, while its negative impact is secondary.
4. Grasp the characteristics of ethnic relations in this period: understand the relationship between Qin and Han Dynasties and Xiongnu with a correct ethnic view, including both war and peace, and pay special attention to the adoption of peace and its influence (such as showing the monarch to the fortress). It is necessary to make it clear that peace is the mainstream, especially to grasp that war is mutually destructive and peace is mutually beneficial; The war between nations can only be divided into justice and injustice, without the attributes of aggression and anti-aggression.
5. Understanding of China's foreign relations: China's ancient foreign relations began in the Han Dynasty, which had contacts with Japan, Korea, Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and Europe. In particular, the Maritime Silk Road is a new addition, so we should pay attention to it.
6. Understand the cultural characteristics of Qin and Han culture, and summarize the world's leading scientific and technological achievements in Qin and Han dynasties, such as papermaking, armillary sphere, seismograph and Ma Feisan. Pay attention to the conditions for success, such as national unity, social and economic development, strengthening inter-ethnic ties and expanding foreign exchanges.