Bronze tripod
Is the ear of other objects, then Wu Ding may not have a fearful reaction.
The maturity of Ding in the late Shang Dynasty was perfectly interpreted in its shape. Regardless of the round tripod, Fang Ding tripod and Ping tripod, they all have amazing artistic charm in modeling. According to scientific research, the proportion of copper, tin and lead in bronze casting in the late Shang Dynasty has been greatly improved and formed a certain standard. For example, Simuwu Dafang Ding contains 84.77% copper, 2.79% tin 1 1.64% lead. Mustard is 83.60% for copper, 12.62% for tin and 0.50% for lead. It is close and scientific.
On behalf of Ding, the highest achievement in this period was Fang Ding. Fang Ding inherited the rectangular trough shape in the middle of Shang Dynasty and made some improvements. Moreover, it is huge, heavy and majestic, and looks solemn and sacred. Fang Ding's representative works include Simuwu Fang Ding, a couple of secretaries, Mu Xin Fang Ding, unearthed from Fu Hao's tomb, and Fang Ding, a big river with a human face unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan. Take the Simu tripod as an example. First of all, in proportion, it shallows the abdomen of the tripod into a flat rectangle. The proportion of ears, abdomen and feet is 1:2:2. Compared with the proportion of human body, it is closer to the proportion of adults and looks harmonious. Secondly, Simuwu Dafang Ding was originally specially cast, and its weight was unparalleled. The caster consciously exaggerated and strengthened some details, which made people feel heavier than its actual weight. For example, its ears are closed and look strong. The mouth is folded into a square lip along the outside, giving the impression that its abdominal wall is as thick as the lip. Its four feet are basically cylinders with equal thickness from top to bottom (the upper part of the peripheral diameter of the feet is slightly thicker, but not obvious), which strongly supports the four corners at the bottom of the tripod. Simu Wuding has a magnificent architectural sense, that is, the so-called "big and strong" beauty of palace architecture, which is manifested as a masculine image, powerful and magnificent.
Among the famous round ding, there are Tianding Ding, Gao Qiu Ding and Wusizi Ding. Compared with the medium term, the round tripod is also heavier. There are cone feet in the middle stage, and at this time they are all column feet. The abdomen of the column foot is deep and low, and the abdomen is shallow and high. There is a tripod that shrinks upward from the waist, which is a new form of this period. There is also a kind of tripod with column feet, commonly known as hip tripod, which is popular in this period and can be divided into deep bags and shallow bags. Flat-footed tripod was also very popular in this period. There were not many people with deep abdomen in the middle stage, but most of them had shallow abdomen in the later stage, which is an obvious feature.
Bronze ornamentation was the most developed in the late Shang Dynasty, and it was the peak of bronze culture. It is much richer in content and types than in the middle period, and reaches its peak in artistic decoration. Animal face pattern is still the main decorative pattern of bronze tripod, and there are many other geometric decorative patterns such as thunder pattern and some special decorative patterns such as human face pattern. Compared with the previous period, the range of animal face decoration in this period was expanded, often all over the body, with ears, abdomen and feet decorated. As far as expression techniques are concerned, the decorative patterns and shapes in the middle of Shang Dynasty are basically symbolic. Except for the bright eyes, even the other fine images are indistinguishable from the ground lines, and the outline is unclear. Although there was deformation in the late Shang Dynasty, most of the images were more specific, the order of animals was relatively reduced, and the main decorative patterns were obviously separated from the ground patterns, usually dense and fine thunder patterns, which formed a strong contrast with the main patterns. The combination of flat carving and relief is often used. In addition, special attention is paid to the structural coordination of decorative patterns to play a role. For example, there is a large blank in the center of each side of Simuwu Dafang Ding, surrounded by a circle of animal faces and dragon fights, with the upper and lower edges as the central axis. Two opposite dragon fights are combined into an animal face image, with a horizontal dragon fight in the middle of both sides, a side bull's head at the upper end and a side tiger's head at the lower end, which are combined with adjacent side faces through the leaf edge. Ding has a big tiger head on each of its four legs, so. No matter from the front, side, top and bottom, you will feel mentally nameless oppression for the strange atmosphere formed by its miraculous ornamentation. Tiger-eating elephants on both ears have the same deterrent effect.
There is no inscription on the bronze tripod in the early and middle Shang Dynasty. The late Shang Dynasty is called "Bamboo Slips Period", which refers to bamboo slips on bronzes. In the late Shang Dynasty, a short inscription appeared on the bronze tripod, such as "Simuwu", which made great progress.
As can be seen from the above, from the early to the late Shang Dynasty, the bronze tripod made great progress in modeling, ornamentation and inscriptions, reaching the peak of the times. The bronze tripod in Shang Dynasty also had a great and far-reaching influence on the development of the tripod in later generations. It is an important task for every researcher to study the development process of bronze tripod and constantly improve its development sequence. This work has a long way to go and needs our joint efforts.
Hechuli
Heracles was framed by Hera and madly killed his wife and children. He was crazy for a long time before he was released. He saw that he had made a big disaster and fell into deeper sorrow and misfortune. He stayed at home and didn't see anyone. As time went on, the pain in his heart eased. He pulled himself together and made up his mind to complete the twelve tasks assigned by Eurystheus.
King Eurystheus's first task for Hercules was that Hercules had to skin the lion in Nemea for him. This behemoth lives in the great forest between the Peloponnesus, Nemea and Krevor in Argolis. The lion is so fierce that human weapons can't hurt it at all. Some people say that the lion is the son of Di Feng, a giant, and Mole, a femme fatale. Others say it fell from the moon to the ground. Hercules began to hunt lions. Finally killed it. It cut the skin with its claws and finally skinned the lion. Later, he sewed an armor with this strange lion skin and made a new helmet. Now, he packed his lion skins and weapons, put the lion skins of Nemea on his shoulders and set off for Tallinn.