Second, the reason why Wu Zetian can be proclaimed emperor
1, she is "knowledgeable and resourceful", with superhuman courage, high cultural accomplishment and outstanding political talent. This is the basic condition for her to call herself emperor.
She has a close relationship with Tang Gaozong and is trusted by Tang Gaozong. He participated in the court affairs and "worried about the world" for 24 years, forming a "double saint" situation with Gao Zong, which not only won the support of many ministers, but also accumulated rich experience. This laid the foundation for Wu Zetian to proclaim himself emperor.
3. On his deathbed, Emperor Gaozong wrote: "Those whose military affairs are undecided will be punished the day after tomorrow", which gave her the power of "calling forward". During the six years of the imperial system, she became the actual supreme ruler. She suppressed the rebellion with an iron fist, attacked political enemies and eradicated dissidents. On the other hand, she vigorously selects talents and expands the ruling foundation. Cleared the way for becoming emperor.
4. After fully mastering the state power, she advocated Buddhism, rewarded Fu Rui, carried out political reform, actively created public opinion for regime change, and made a lot of preparations for becoming emperor.
In 5.690, the preparatory work was basically ready. Under the impetus of the officials of the civil and military forces and the leaders of Siyi, the Tang Dynasty finally changed to the Zhou Dynasty and became the "holy emperor" of the Zhou Dynasty.
Third, the social situation in Wu Zhou.
During the reign of Wu Zetian, politics was relatively clear. This is fully manifested in formulating policies, appointing and dismissing officials, and handling class contradictions. Wu Zetian inherited and perfected the important system formulated by Emperor Taizong, and carried out many reforms on this basis, making the national policy more suitable for social development. In addition, Wu Zetian is also good at dealing with class contradictions and ethnic relations. During the decades when Wu Zetian was in power, the society was quite stable except for the rebellion of Xu Jingye and others and several invasions by ethnic aristocrats.
During the reign of Wu Zetian, the economic development was obvious. In agriculture, during this period, many large-scale water conservancy projects were built nationwide, the cultivated land area was further expanded, and the grain output was also significantly improved. In handicraft industry, casting, porcelain making and textile industry have made great progress. In business, with the development of the city and the increase of population, the merchant class tends to be active, and the commodity trade is quite frequent, and even the scene of "returning to trade and never dying" has appeared.
During the reign of Wu Zetian, the culture revived. History shows that Wu Zetian is good at poetry, proficient in calligraphy and rich in writings. She is well aware of the importance of culture, so she attaches great importance to the development of academic culture. At that time, some new phenomena appeared in philosophy, religion, history, literature, art, science and technology, among which religion, literature and art were more prominent.
During the reign of Wu Zetian, the national strength was also very strong. From assisting Tang Gaozong, Wu Zetian realized the importance of strengthening national defense. After facing the dynasty, it paid more attention to the relationship with neighboring ethnic minorities and neighboring countries. For North Korea, Japan, India, Persia and food-eating countries, Wu Zetian not only sent envoys, but also personally received foreign envoys, and even their travel expenses were very thoughtful. Wu Zetian also adopted supporting policies to help the development of ethnic minority areas, such as Qidan, Turkic and Tubo. However, Wu Zetian resolutely cracked down on the intrusion and rebellion launched by ethnic aristocrats. Through these measures, international relations and ethnic relations have been strengthened, border defense has been consolidated, and the vast territory of the country has been maintained. During the reign of Wu Zetian, the territory of the Tang Dynasty was the largest. The statue of Minister Sixty-one in Ganling is a historical witness of the strong national strength at that time.
Fourth, the evaluation of Wu Zetian
As a political figure, Wu Zetian has the wisdom of knowing people and being good at their duties. She values knowledge, is good at employing people, and can concentrate the collective wisdom of the ruling class. Therefore, her decision-making mistakes are few and her management is very effective. What she has done is basically beneficial to social development. Wu Zetian played an important role in this particular historical stage of the Tang Dynasty. During her more than 40 years in politics and administration, her politics was relatively clear, her economy developed, her culture revived and her national strength was strong. All these laid a solid foundation for the emergence of "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" and wrote a glorious page in the history of China.
Sourdrang dowager; Sourdrang dowager
Zhuang Fei, namely sourdrang dowager, is a legend in the history of Qing Dynasty. She helped Fu Lin, who was only six years old, overcome powerful rivals such as Dourgen to ascend to the throne, and also helped Kangxi destroy Ao Bai. Before entering the customs, the most legendary legend of Zhuang Fei was that she persuaded Hong Chengchou, the governor of Hebei and Liao Dynasties in the Ming Dynasty who had sworn allegiance to her death.
After being captured in the failed battle of Jin Song, Hong Chengchou was imprisoned in the Sanguan Temple in the Forbidden City. Huang Taiji sent people to surrender many times, but Hong Chengchou ignored him and even went on a hunger strike. Later, Fan Wencheng, an official of the Han Dynasty, surrendered. He found that Hong Chengchou brushed the dust on his clothes several times, so he went back and told Huang Taiji that Hong Chengchou was going to "die" and the plan of beauty surrender began. In the dead of night, Hong Chengchou was lying in bed when a lovely young woman came up to her and whispered "My Lord", then expressed her loyal admiration for Hong Chengchou. Hong Chengchou immediately felt the warmth of being concerned. There is such a beauty in the world who knows him. He couldn't help thinking of his condescending prestige and beautiful wives and concubines at home, and his desire for death immediately wavered. Beauty plays it by ear and sends a cup of fragrant teas. Hong Chengchou, who hadn't eaten for many days, felt refreshed immediately after drinking. After the beauty left, Hong Chengchou thought the world was beautiful and decided to settle down.
According to legend, this beautiful woman is Zhuang Fei. According to Tong Yue, these are legends in unofficial history, and there is no written record. According to historical records, Huang Taiji personally visited Hong Chengchou in Sanguan Temple and personally put a mink coat on Hong Chengchou, so Hong Chengchou knelt down. Tong Yue analyzed that before Huang Taiji surrendered, there may be beautiful women doing the preliminary work of surrender, and it is also possible for Zhuang Fei to surrender.
Lv Hou; Lv Hou (24 BC-BC 180), whose name was Luo, was Liu Bang's wife and was from a single-parent county (now Dongdan County, Shandong Province). Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor and made Lv Zhi queen, which played a great role in cutting off the princes with different surnames. After the death of Emperor Gaozu, Lv Hou took Hui Di as a prisoner when he was young, so he planned to kill all the old ministers and gain actual political power. He was poisoned, cut off Mrs. Qi's hands and feet, made her dumb, and put it in the toilet, named it "Renbi". Hui Di was dissatisfied with what the emperor had done and died of depression. Lv Hou became the first dictator of China.
Lv Hou was a virtuous woman when she was young. She survived for Liu Bang. When she married Liu Bang, Liu Bang was only the curator of a swimming pool in Pei County, and the curator of that hall was equivalent to the director of today's police station. Lv Hou's father's birthday, Lv Hou's father is a good friend of Peixian county magistrate, Liu Bang, of course, I'm flattered. He wants to celebrate his birthday. Liu bang doesn't have much money, but he is thick-skinned and courageous. He even lied about gifts and openly sat in the right place. This is rare. When Lv Hou's father found out, he took some anger out to get rid of him, but he was surprised when he saw it, because his father was good at judging people (that is, faces) and Liu had a bright future. He saw it at a glance, regardless of his wife's opposition, and decided to marry his daughter to Liu Bang, a small official like sesame and mung beans.
After Liu Bang and Lv Hou got married, they often went out on business with friends. In the past three days, he hasn't been seen at both ends, weaving and ploughing, cooking and washing clothes, honoring his parents and raising children, all of which fell on Lv Hou alone.
In his early years, Liu Bangke was a rogue. He often wandered around wearing a homemade bamboo hat, cheating on food and drinking. Once he escorted the prisoner, because he was drunk, he let the prisoner escape and had to flee to the swamp at the foot of the mountain. The virtuous Lv Hou not only supports her family independently, but also travels long distances from time to time to send clothes and food to her husband. It is said that Liu Bang's hiding place is often shrouded in clouds. If Lv Hou follows him, he can find Liu Bang.
At the end of the Qin dynasty, there was chaos in the world. Liu bang led the people into Pei county and made him Pei Gong. At that time, a rising tide lifts all boats and was honored as Mrs. Lu. Liu Bang entered Xianyang and was made Hanwang by Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, and Lv Hou was promoted to princess.
However, Lv Hou did not live a comfortable life. In the Chu-Han War in which Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought in secret, Lv Hou became the prisoner of Xiang Yu. Even when Xiang Yu brought Lv Hou to the front of the two armies and threatened Liu Bangshi with cooking and killing Lv Hou, Liu Bang actually smiled and said, you can kill as much as you like, and you can kill as much as you want. I think Lv Hou must be as cold as ice at that time. During the four-year Chu-Han War, Lv Hou has been held hostage by the Chu army, tortured and humiliated, struggling on the verge of life and death, which has dealt a serious blow to his psychology and spirit, and also caused the sequela of his paranoia and insecurity in the future, becoming narrow-minded, nervous, cruel and vicious, and doing things only by himself.
It was not until Chu and Han contended and divided the world equally by the gap that Xiang Yu returned Lv Hou to Liu Bang. For Lv Hou, it was a lifetime ago.
Later, Liu Bang broke the contract and emphasized provocation. Finally, he defeated Xiang Yu in the battle of Gaixia and established the Western Han Dynasty. When Liu Bang became emperor, Lv Hou naturally became queen.
Lv Hou is resourceful. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Lv Hou helped Liu Bang kill Han Xin, Peng Yue and other half-recruited kings, eliminated the separatist forces and consolidated the unified situation. 195 years ago, Liu Bang died, and Huidi made Lv Hou the empress dowager, but Hui Di was weak. Actually, Lv Hou is in charge. 188 years ago, Hui Di collapsed and established a young emperor, known as the imperial system for eight years. Shaodi complained bitterly because his biological mother was killed by Lv Hou. Lv Hou killed the young emperors one by one and made Liu Yi, the king of Changshan, the emperor. Lv Hou has been in power 16 years. She was the first of three female rulers in China history (Lv Hou, Empress Wu Zetian and Empress Dowager Cixi).
During Lv Hou's reign, the politics of Huang Lao, which originated from Liu Bang's recuperation, was further promoted. When Liu Bang was dying, Lv Hou asked about the arrangement behind Liu Bang. She asked Xiao He who would succeed after Guo Xiang, and Liu Bang told Cao Can to succeed. After Cao Can, there are tombs and Chen Ping, but they can't be unique. Frequency is honest and honest, and his culture is not high. If there is a crisis in Liu Tianxia, it will be the savior of Liu Tianxia, and he can be appointed as Qiu. Although Lv Hou actually came to power, she abided by the wills arranged by important people before Liu Bang's death, and successively reused founding heroes such as Xiao He, Cao Can, Tomb, Chen Ping and Zhou Bo. And these ministers govern by doing nothing, conform to public opinion and never serve the people. Economically, light taxes are implemented. Implement a liberal policy towards industry and commerce. During the reign of Lv Hou, all fields, including politics, legal system, economy, ideology and culture, laid a solid foundation for the "governance of cultural scenery".
Lv Hou has the demeanor of a politician. The Xiongnu took advantage of Liu Bang's death and wrote a book to humiliate Lv Hou, saying, "You lost your husband and I lost my wife. The two hosts are unhappy, so there is nothing to worry about. They are willing to take everything and have nothing to lose. " Lv Hou took Lu Bu's advice, suppressed his anger and calmly replied, "I am old, my teeth have deteriorated, and it is inconvenient to walk." Then he gave the horses and chariots, declined politely, and finally turned the war into friendship. The Huns were ashamed of their rudeness and sent messengers to apologize to the Han Dynasty.
In his later years, because there were no descendants, he was afraid that the descendants of Gaozu would bully Lu, so he sealed Lu's consorts as Hou. 180 years ago, Lv Hou collapsed and was buried in Changling with Emperor Gaozu at the age of 62. Zhu Lu wants to mess up, and Zhou Bo and Chen Ping are equal to punishing him.
Soong Ching Ling; 1893 65438+1On October 27th, Soong Ching Ling was born in a family of priests and industrialists in Shanghai. As a friend and comrade of Sun Yat-sen, her father was her first teacher. When she was a teenager, she was born in a foreign country and received "European education" and democratic baptism in the United States. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty and made her look forward to the independence, freedom, democracy and prosperity of the motherland. Letters and newspaper clippings sent by her father set up a bridge in her heart for the revolutionary cause led by Sun Yat-sen.. However, * * * and the country have been strangled in the cradle, and the wave of revolution has subsided, and Soong Ching Ling's ambition to return to China to reform and build the motherland has not been put to good use. She went straight to Tokyo, where exiled revolutionaries were concentrated, and soon became Sun Yat-sen's assistant, starting her 70-year revolutionary career.
19151kloc-0/On October 25th, Soong Ching Ling decided to marry Sun Yat-sen, who was in exile, regardless of her parents' opposition, and followed Sun Yat-sen on the road of hard struggle to defend the system with firm steps. 1925 March 12 Sun Yat-sen passed away in Beijing. He entrusted "peace, struggle and saving the country" to Soong Ching Ling and his comrades.
1927 In August, Soong Ching Ling visited the Soviet Union and lived in Europe for four years. He inspected the world's first socialist country and several major capitalist countries, studied Marx's works, and studied the core issues of the China Revolution-land and farmers with many China revolutionaries in exile in Europe, which made a qualitative leap in his thoughts.
When the Japanese imperialist aggression against China continued to expand, ethnic contradictions rose to the main social contradictions, Soong Ching Ling quickly made a scientific judgment and made a correct decision, thinking that "the national disaster is just around the corner, and we should put aside our differences. The whole country must unite, resist Japan and strive for final victory. " Her thought of national unity in the Anti-Japanese War is consistent with the strategic policy of the China Producer Party to establish an anti-Japanese national united front, which overcomes the "Left" dogmatism. She also paved the way for the second cooperation between the two sides and played an irreplaceable special role.
1949 September 2 1 30, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference was held in Beijing, and Soong Ching Ling was elected as the vice chairman of the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the standing committee member of the first China People's Political Consultative Conference.
1949 After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Soong Ching Ling undertook a lot of state affairs for a long time. At the same time, she devoted a lot of energy to culture, education, health and the welfare of women and children. Since then, she has served as honorary chairman of the All-China Democratic Women's Federation, honorary chairman of the All-China Women's Federation of People's Republic of China (PRC) and chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People for the Defence of Children. 1950, she was elected to the World Peace Council. 1952, elected chairman of the Asia-Pacific Liaison Committee.
1954 In September, Soong Ching Ling was elected as the first vice chairman of the NPC Standing Committee. 1959 On April 7th, the first meeting of the Second National People's Congress was held, and Soong Ching Ling was elected as the vice chairman of People's Republic of China (PRC). 1965 10, the third national people's congress was held, and she once again served as the vice chairman of People's Republic of China (PRC). 1975 65438+ 10. In the 4th National People's Congress, she was re-elected as the vice chairman of the NPC Standing Committee. 1978 In February, the Fifth National People's Congress was re-elected as the vice chairman of the Standing Committee. 1August 30, 980, served as the executive chairman of the third session of the Fifth National People's Congress.
1981May14th, Soong Ching Ling suffered from coronary heart disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. On June 5438+05, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee announced that she accepted Soong Ching Ling as the official party member of China * * * Production Party. On June 6th, 65438, the NPC Standing Committee awarded Soong Ching Ling the honorary title of People's Republic of China (PRC). 198 1 passed away in Beijing at 20: 00 on May 29th.
Princess Wencheng; Princess Wencheng, the Chinese-Tibetan Friendship Envoy
Princess Wencheng (? -680), the daughter of Li Shimin imperial clan of Emperor Taizong. Han nationality. She is smart and beautiful. Influenced by her family, she studied culture, was polite and believed in Buddhism.
Songtsan Gampo is a hero in Tibetan history, rising in Yalong River Valley (now Yarlung Zangbo River) in the middle reaches of Tibetan River. He unified Tibetan areas, became Zanpu (meaning "monarch") of Tibetans, and established the Tubo Dynasty. In the 14th year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (640), Lu Dongzan, a minister, was sent to Chang 'an to donate 5,200 yuan to treat the treasures, so he proposed to the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong promised to marry Princess Wencheng.
In the 15th year (64 1), Princess Wencheng left Chang 'an for Tubo, accompanied by Li Daozong, cousin of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty who sent Wang Tai, and Lu Dongzan, special envoy of Tubo. Songzan Gambu personally greeted him in Baihai (now maduo county, Qinghai Province), paid an audience with Daozong, and paid his son-in-law a gift. Then she returned to Luoyang (now Lhasa) with Princess Wencheng. Princess Wencheng has lived in Tubo for nearly 40 years and has always been respected.
According to books such as The Hereditary Mirror of Tubo Dynasty, when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, the team was very large, and the dowry of Emperor Taizong was very rich. There are "siddhattha gotama, treasures, jade bookcases, 360 volumes of classics and various jade ornaments". He also presented all kinds of cooking foods, brocade quilts with various patterns, 300 divination classics, 60 books on distinguishing good from evil, architecture and technology, 65,438+000 therapeutic prescriptions, 4 medical works, 5 diagnostic methods and 6 medical instruments. It also carries all kinds of grains and turnip seeds.
In the first year of Yonghui (650), Princess Wencheng lived in Tibet after the death of Songzan Gambo. She loves Tibetan compatriots and is deeply loved by the people. She designed and helped build Jokhang Temple and Jokhang Temple. Under her influence, the technologies of milling, weaving, pottery making, paper making and wine making of the Han nationality were spread to Tubo one after another; She brought poems, agricultural books, Buddhist scriptures, historical books, medical books, calendars and other classics, which promoted the economic and cultural development of Tubo and strengthened the friendly relations between the Chinese and Tibetan people. The golden Buddha statue of Sakyamuni she brought is still worshipped by the Tibetan people.
In the first year of Yonglong (680), Princess Wencheng died, and the Tubo Dynasty held a grand funeral for her. The Tang Dynasty sent envoys to pay tribute to Tubo. Up to now, the statues made by Tibetans in memory of her are still preserved in Lhasa, with a history of 1300 years.
There is also Princess Wencheng Temple in Yushu County, Qinghai Province. The statue of Princess Wencheng in the center of the temple sits on the lotus seat of the lion, which is 8 meters high, vivid and finely carved. Incense is constantly burning here all year round, butter lamps are brightly lit day and night, and Tibetan and Chinese people who come to worship are in an endless stream. According to legend, Princess Wencheng stayed here for a long time on her way to Lhasa and was warmly welcomed by local Tibetan leaders and the masses. Deeply moved, she decided to stay and teach local people agriculture and textile technology. Princess Wencheng Temple has been listed as a national cultural relic protection unit.
There are many more, so I won't elaborate!