Wei Zhi (580-643) was born in Julu (now Hebei Julu). He lost his parents when he was a child, and his family was poor, but he loved reading and ignored family affairs. He once became a monk and a Taoist priest. At the end of the great cause of Sui Dynasty, Wei Zhi was appointed as Minister of Yuanbao in Wuyang County (now northeast of Daming, Hebei Province) of Sui Dynasty. After Yuan Baoju surrendered to Shi Mi, he was appointed by Shi Mi as a marshal's office document to join the army, specializing in document archives.

In the first year of Wude, Tang Gaozu (6 18), after Shimi failed, Wei Zhi entered Shanhaiguan and followed him to the Tang Dynasty, but it was useless for a long time. The following year, Wei Zhi invited him to appease Hebei. After the imperial edict was granted, he took a post station to Liyang (now Xunxian County, Henan Province) to persuade Xu Shiqi, the commander of Liyang, to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. Soon, Dou Jiande occupied Liyang, and Wei Zhi was also captured. After Dou Jiande's defeat, Wei Zhi returned to Chang 'an and was quoted by Prince Li as a member of the East Palace. Wei Zhi saw the contradiction between the prince and Li Shimin, the king of Qin, deepening day by day, and repeatedly advised Cheng Jian to take the initiative and start work as soon as possible.

After the change of Xuanwu Gate, Li Shimin, who had long valued his courage, not only didn't blame him, but appointed him as an admonition officer, often introducing the imperial palace to inquire about political gains and losses. Kevin·Z likes to be the master of every intimate friend, helping him wholeheartedly, knowing everything and talking about everything. Coupled with his honest and frank personality, he often argued and never compromised. On one occasion, Emperor Taizong asked Wei Zhi, "What is a wise monarch and what is a dark monarch? Wei Zhi replied, "You are smart because you listen, and you are dark because you believe. In the past, Qin Ershi lived in the palace, but he didn't see the minister. He just trusted eunuch Zhao Gao and was kept in the dark until after the chaos. Emperor Yang Di preferred Historical Records, and many counties in the world fell, but he didn't know it. " Taizong deeply agreed with these words.

In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Wei Zhi was promoted to Zuo Cheng as prime minister. At this time, someone told him to promote his relatives to be officials privately. Emperor Taizong immediately sent an ancient imperial doctor, Wen Yanbo, to investigate the matter. As a result, there was no evidence, which was a false accusation. However, Emperor Taizong sent someone to tell Wei Zhi: "We should stay away from suspicion in the future and never create such troubles again." Wei Zhi immediately said, "I heard that the monarch and ministers help each other, and justice is one. If justice is not done and suspicion is avoided, then the rise and fall of the country may be unknown. " And asked Tang Taizong to make himself a good minister rather than a loyal minister. Emperor Taizong asked what was the difference between a loyal minister and a good minister. Wei Zhi replied: "It is a good minister to be able to justify himself, to make the monarch a wise monarch, and to have children, and to have no boundaries." Killing yourself, turning the monarch into a tyrant, losing his home and country, is a loyal minister in name only. In this respect, the two are far from each other. " Taizong nodded.

In the second year of Zhenguan (628), Wei Zhi was appointed as the secretariat, in charge of state affairs. Soon, the eldest grandson heard that an official surnamed Zheng had a daughter, only sixteen or seventeen years old, with both talent and appearance, which was unique in Beijing. He told Emperor Taizong to take him into the palace as a concubine. Emperor Taizong appointed this woman as his concubine. Wei Zhi heard that this woman had been betrothed to the Lujia, and immediately went to the palace to remonstrate: "Your Majesty is a parent and cares about the people, so you should worry about their worries and enjoy them. Living in a palace pavilion, we should think that all people have the safety of their houses; Eating delicacies, we should think that the people are free from hunger and cold; When concubines are in the courtyard, you should think that they are happy with their families. Now, Zheng Min's daughter has been betrothed to Lujia, and your majesty took her into the palace without asking in detail. If the rumor goes out, is it for the parents of the people? After hearing this, Emperor Taizong was shocked and immediately felt guilty and decided to take it back. However, Fang and others believe that the promise of the Zheng family is false and insist on the validity of the imperial edict. Lujia also sent someone to hand in the form, indicating that although there were wealth exchanges before, they were not engaged. At this time, emperor Taizong with a grain of salt, and called Wei Zhi to ask. He said bluntly, "Lu refused to admit it because he was afraid that your majesty would use it to harm him in the future." The reason is clear. No wonder. " Emperor Taizong suddenly realized this, so he resolutely withdrew the imperial edict.

Because Wei Zhi was able to protest face to face, even if Emperor Taizong was furious, he dared to argue face to face and never gave in. Therefore, Emperor Taizong sometimes felt awe of him. On one occasion, Emperor Taizong wanted to go hunting in Qinling for fun, and all his luggage was ready, but he couldn't make it. Later, when Kevin·Z asked about this matter, Emperor Taizong replied with a smile: "I did have this intention at the beginning, but I was afraid that you would tell me again, so I quickly dismissed it." On another occasion, Emperor Taizong got a good kite and carried it on his shoulder. He was very proud. But when he saw Wei Zhi coming towards him from a distance, he quickly hid the bird in his arms. Wei Zhi deliberately played for a long time, causing the kite to suffocate in his arms.

In the sixth year of Zhenguan, the ministers invited Taizong to meditate on Mount Tai. In order to show off achievements and national prosperity, only Wei Zhi objected. Emperor Taizong was surprised, so he asked Wei Zhi, "You don't advocate meditation. Do you think that my contribution is not high, my virtue is disrespectful, China is uneasy, my clothes are worn out at the end of four years, and my harvest is not abundant? " Wei Zhi replied: "Your Majesty has the above-mentioned Liu De, but since the chaos in the world at the end of Sui Dynasty, the registered permanent residence has not been restored until now, and the warehouse is still empty. Driving here and there and riding thousands of miles is expensive, which is unbearable for the people along the way. Besides, your meditation is bound to be a gathering of all nations, and Yuanjun will also be a squire. Nowadays, the Central Plains is vast and sparsely populated, and there are many shrubs. When ambassadors of all countries and commanders in Yuan Yi see that China is so weak, won't they feel contempt? If the reward is not good, it will not satisfy the desires of these distant people; Exempting and taxing taxes is far from rewarding people's expenses. Why does your majesty want to do such a thing that only seeks fame but actually harms? Soon, floods occurred in several states in the Central Plains, and the matter of Guan Chan went away.

Zhenguan seven years (633), supplemented by Kevin·Z on behalf of the baron. At the end of the same year, Huangfu Deshen of Zhongmu County wrote to Taizong: "Building Luoyang Palace will harm the people; Collecting land rent is too much; Women like to wear a high bun, which is very popular in the palace. Emperor Taizong was furious when he received the book and said to the prime ministers, "Deccan wants the country not to serve one person and not to collect land rent. The rich have no money, which is exactly what he wants. "Want to cure HuangFuDeShen libel. Wei Zhi protested: "Since ancient times, the writing style has not been extreme, and it can't touch people's hearts. The so-called madman's words, saints choose good and follow. Please consider this truth. Finally, he stressed: "Your Majesty is not outspoken recently, but he is not as open-minded and natural as before." Emperor Taizong felt that Wei Zhi had a point, so he turned anger into joy. Instead of punishing Huang Fude, he was promoted to supervise the empire.

In the tenth year of Zhenguan (636), Wei Zhi was ordered to preside over the compilation of Sui Shu, Zhou Shu, Liang Shu, Shaanxi Shu and Shu Qi (known as the History of the Five Dynasties), which lasted seven years and the manuscript was completed. Among them, the prefaces of Sui Shu, Liang Shu, Chen Shu and Shu Qi were all written by Zheng Wei, and they were praised as "good history". In June of the same year, Wei Zhi, who suffered from eye diseases, asked to remove his assistant. Although Emperor Taizong appointed him full-time, he still put him in charge of provincial affairs, and his salary, rewards and other benefits were exactly the same as those of officials.

In the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), Wei Zhi saw that Emperor Taizong was getting lazy, lazy in politics and pursuing extravagance, so he wrote the famous "Ten Gradually Difficult Situation" and listed ten changes in his attitude at the beginning of his reign. He also taught Emperor Taizong the "Ten Thoughts", that is, "When you see what you can do, you must think about contentment, when you are happy, you must think about Zhi Zhi, when you are in high risk, you must think about humility, when you are full, you must think about future troubles, when you are happy, you must think about delay, when you are sick, you must think about yourself, and when you are rewarded, you must think about arrogance.

In the 16th year of Zhenguan (642), Wei Zhi was ill in bed, and the envoys sent by Emperor Taizong watched from across the road. Wei Zhi was thrifty all his life and had no family to stay overnight. Emperor Taizong immediately ordered that all materials for building a small hall for himself should be used to build a big house for Kevin·Z. Soon, Wei Zhi died at home. Taizong personally mourned, tears streaming down his face, and said, "My husband can dress himself up with bronze as a mirror; Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. I have kept these three mirrors in case I miss them. Now that Wei Zhi is dead, he died in a mirror. "

Some official documents and Wei's poetry collections, including a volume of his poems in The Whole Tang Poetry.

The distinction between Wei Zhi's bright monarch and dark monarch and the persistence of entrepreneurial spirit

The most important thing in "the way to govern the country" is how to govern the country, and Wei Zhi has a deep understanding of this. He always used some problems of Taizong to explain his idea of governing the country in time, which not only solved the problems of Taizong, but also achieved the purpose of persuasion. This is also the cleverness of Wei Zhi.

In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Emperor Taizong had just acceded to the throne and was still full of doubts about being a gentleman. One day he asked Wei Zhi, "Ai Qing, what do you think is a wise monarch and a dark monarch?"

Wei Zhi heard this question, and his heart moved. Isn't that what he wanted to remind the emperor? He calmly replied: "everything you listen to makes you clear, and partiality makes you dark." If the host can listen to opinions from all sides, he can be called a wise king, but if he only believes one person's statement, he must be a groggy king. Yao often consulted the people before, so he could understand Miao's evil deeds; Shun is good at listening to voices from all directions, so treacherous court officials such as * * *, Gun and Huan Dou can't deceive him. On the contrary, Qin Ershi only believed in Zhao Gao, which eventually led to national subjugation; Liang Wudi's appointment of Zhu Yi led to chaos in Houjing. Emperor Yang Di listened to the Records of the Historian, and the world was in chaos without knowing it. These are all negative examples. Therefore, you mainly listen to opinions from all sides, so as to fully understand the situation in all aspects and not be deceived by one or two ministers. "

Taizong nodded and said, "If it weren't for Ai Qing, I wouldn't have heard such words!"

Jun mainly listens to opinions from all sides, which is also a very important content in the Confucian concept of governing the country. Wei Zhi inherited this thought and applied it to Zhenguan politics through Taizong. Wei Zhi's principle of "listening while listening is bright, listening while listening is dark" was well adhered to in the decision-making in the early period of Zhenguan, and Emperor Taizong often discussed it extensively with courtiers when he was in trouble. This is also an important part of the political atmosphere of Zhenguan.

In the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), at a big banquet, Emperor Taizong asked again, "Dear Ai Qing, tell me, is it difficult to start a business or to keep a business?"

Shang Shu's left servant replied, "At the end of the Sui Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and the crowds competed for the deer. Your majesty has gone through many hardships to lay the foundation of today's country. So it is naturally more difficult to start a business. "

Wei Zhi replied, "When the emperor started his business, the world was in chaos. Only in troubled times can you show your heroic qualities and win the support of the people. After winning the world, he gradually became arrogant and extravagant, abused the people's power to satisfy his own desires, and eventually led to the decline of the country. At this point, it is more difficult to retain. "

Emperor Taizong concluded: "Ling Xuan fought side by side with me and risked his life to prepare for hardship, so he found it difficult to start a business." Wei Zhi and I rule the world together, for fear that I will give birth to arrogance and lead the country to a place of peril, so I find it even harder to hold on. Now that the difficulties in the start-up period have become a thing of the past, we should face the hardships of staying in the enterprise with caution. "

All the ministers congratulated him: "It is a blessing for the country and the people that your majesty can think like this!"

In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), Emperor Taizong once again raised the question of how difficult it is to protect the world. Wei Zhi said, "It is very difficult to maintain business." Emperor Taizong asked, "As long as you hire talented people and accept advice with an open mind, you can do it. Why is it difficult? " Wei Zhi went further and said, "Look at the ancient emperors. When they are in danger, they can often remonstrate in Renxian. However, if the world is peaceful, it will definitely be slack. Over time, the problems will gradually emerge, which will eventually lead to the country's peril. This is also the truth of being prepared for danger in times of peace. Isn't it difficult to worry about world peace? "

In fact, entrepreneurship and persistence, conquering the world and governing the world are important topics about Jundao regime that are often discussed in history. Dialectically speaking, starting a business is as difficult as persistence. Risking your life in the start-up period requires tenacious will and indomitable spirit. After defeating all opponents and establishing a new regime, people who came from the hard war years seem to have a feeling of not thinking about it. As Taizong said, Fang experienced the hardships of war and narrowly escaped death, so he knew the difficulty of starting a business. However, after the establishment of the new regime, if we still sleep in the past, become complacent, indulge our own desires and no longer care about the sufferings of the people, it will cause new social contradictions and lead to the decline of the regime. Wei Zhi believes that there is still a chance to conquer the world. As long as we conform to the current situation and the people's hearts, we will certainly win. To govern the country and the world, we must always keep a cautious heart and never indulge our personal desires. This is the hardest thing.

In fact, Wei Zhi also experienced the turmoil at the end of Sui Dynasty, but before Emperor Taizong came to power, he did not follow him to seize the throne. It is impossible to say that he doesn't understand the difficulty of starting a business. However, his political literacy makes him understand more clearly. At this time, he should pay attention to sticking to his position and governing the country. Of course, it is also because Wei Zhi has no credit for starting a business and has no right to speak in this respect.

A few short stories about Wei Zhi

Wei Zhi, the word Xuancheng. Politicians in the early Tang Dynasty. Julu (now Hebei Julu) people. Little lonely, once a monk. At the end of Sui Dynasty, he joined the Wagang Army, and Shimi was defeated and surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. After returning to the Tang Dynasty, he followed Li to wash the horse for the prince. After Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne, he was appointed as an ancient adviser. Later, he served as secretary supervisor, participated in the pre-government, and sealed Zheng Guogong. Wei Zhi and Li Shimin were a few courtiers and ministers in feudal society: Wei Zhi dared to remonstrate directly and appealed to Emperor Taizong many times, but Emperor Taizong tolerated Wei Zhi's "offence" and his words were adopted. Therefore, they are called ideal objects.

( 1)

After the change of Xuanwu Gate, it was reported to Li Shimin, the king of Qin, that an official named Wei Zhi in the East Palace participated in the rebellion of Shi Biao and Dou Jiande. After the failure of Shi Biao and Dou Jiande, Wei Zhi went to Chang 'an to work under Prince Cheng Jian, and once persuaded Cheng Jian to kill the king of Qin.

Hearing this, the king of Qin immediately sent for Wei Zhi.

When Wei Zhi met the king of Qin, the king of Qin asked him with a straight face, "Why do you want to sow discord between our brothers?"

The ministers around listened to the king of Qin's question, thinking that it was to settle Wei Zhi's old scores, and they were all aggrieved by Wei Zhi. However, Wei Zhi calmly replied, "It's a pity that the prince didn't listen to me at that time. Otherwise, this will not happen. "

Hearing this, the king of Qin felt that Wei Zhi was upright and resolute. Instead of blaming Wei Zhi, he said kindly, "This is a thing of the past, and there is no need to mention it again."

(2)

On one occasion, Emperor Taizong asked Wei Zhi, "Why are some people wise and others fatuous in history?"

Wei Zhi said: "It is wise to listen to opinions from all sides; If you only listen to one-sided words, you will be fatuous (classical Chinese means' listen to the light, listen to the dark'). " He also cited the historical examples of Yao, Shun, He and said: "If the ruler who rules the world can adopt the following opinions, then his feelings can be realized, and his cronies can fool as much as they want."

Emperor Taizong nodded again and again and said, "You speak very well!"

Another day, after reading the collected works, Emperor Taizong said to the ministers around him, "I think he is a man of great knowledge, and he knows how to make good use of Yao and Shun, but he is not good at solving problems. Why is it so ridiculous to do something wrong? "

Wei Zhi said: "An emperor cannot rely on his wisdom and knowledge, but he should also listen to the opinions of his officials with an open mind. Emperor Yang Di thought he was talented, proud and confident. He said what he said and did what he did. Later, he got confused and killed himself. "

(3)

One day, Emperor Taizong got a vigorous and elegant kite. He let it jump on his arm. While he was having fun, Wei Zhi came in. Emperor Taizong was afraid of Wei Zhi's suggestion, so he could not avoid it. He quickly hid the kite in his arms. All this has long been seen by Wei Zhi, who deliberately chattered and delayed time when he was on a business trip. Taizong was afraid to take out his kite, and as a result, it was confined in his arms.

(4)

On one occasion, Wei Zhi had a red face with Emperor Taizong in the court. Emperor Taizong really couldn't listen any longer, and he wanted to have an attack, but he was afraid of losing his good reputation for accepting opinions in front of ministers, so he had to barely hold back. After retiring from the DPRK, he returned to the Inner Palace with a full stomach, met his wife, the eldest grandson, and said angrily, "One day, I will kill this hillbilly!" "

Seeing that it was rare for Taizong to be so angry, the eldest grandson queen asked him, "I wonder which one your majesty wants to kill?"

Emperor Taizong said, "That's not Wei Zhi! He always insults me in front of everyone, which makes me really unbearable! "

Hearing this, the eldest grandson of the queen went back to her inner room without saying a word, changed her clothes and appeared in front of her, bowing down to Taizong.

Emperor Taizong asked in surprise, "What are you doing?"

The eldest grandson said, "I heard that only wise emperors have upright ministers. Since Wei Zhi is so upright, it just shows the wisdom of your majesty. How can I not congratulate your majesty! "

These words were like a pot of cold water, which doused Taizong's anger.

In 643 AD, the outspoken Wei Zhi died of illness. Emperor Taizong was very sad. He said with tears: "a person can see whether his clothes and hats are properly dressed by looking at copper as a mirror;" Taking history as a mirror, we can see the reasons for the rise and fall of the country; Looking at people as a mirror, you can find out whether you have done it right or not. After Kevin·Z died, I lost a good mirror. "

"People can dress up their clothes with copper as a mirror;

Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall;

Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses.

Without Wei Zhi, I'm dead! "

-This is the best interpretation of Wei Zhi's life value.

The most deadly is Yang Jisheng.

Yang Jisheng (15 16- 1555) was a famous remonstrator in Ming dynasty. Ming Zhengde,11(1516) Hebei Rongcheng. My parents died young, and my life was very lonely. Cattle grazing during the day, visiting teachers and asking friends at night, and studying by candlelight at night. During the Jiajing period, he was finally admitted to a scholar and became a foreign minister from the Ministry of War.

When Mongolia's Valanda Department invaded the south in the west, General Qiu Luan led the army to meet it and was defeated. Qiu Luan, please open a horse market and ask Vala for humiliation and peace. Yang Jisheng tried to dissuade him with five fallacies, but he was framed by Qiu Luan and Yan Song, who were in charge of state affairs, and was imprisoned and demoted. Yan Song died illegally, listing Yan Song's ten major crimes and five major rapes, but was once again framed in prison and tortured because of the darkness of state affairs.

During his imprisonment, he was flogged at 100. A colleague can't take it anymore. He asked someone to give Yang Jisheng a pair of snake gall, telling him that it would relieve the pain.

However, Yang Jisheng once again showed his fearlessness and courage:

"I Yangjiao Mountain (Cape Mountain, Yang Jisheng) have the guts, so I don't need this!"

The scepter broke his leg bone, the leg meat was destroyed, and Yang Jisheng, who was unconscious, was dragged back to his cell. No one bandaged him, and his wound began to deteriorate in the dirty and cold air bred by flies and insects.

In the imperial court, Yang Jisheng did a sensational thing, challenging the limits of mankind.

One night after the trial, Yang Jisheng sat quietly in the corner of the imperial edict prison, with his head down and a broken bowl in his hand, absorbed in scraping the rotten meat on his leg. He has no anesthetic, no hoop, and no white towel to shut his mouth. He just kept scraping carrion calmly. The bowl is not sharp and carrion is not easy to cut. It was excruciating pain, but Yang Jisheng didn't make a sound.

He waited for death calmly, only seeking death.

In the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555), Yang Jisheng still stubbornly insisted on going to jail. This year, Yan Song finally achieved his goal-to get rid of the man who shook his power.

10 year 10 On October 27th, Yang Jisheng was killed at the execution ground in Beijing at the age of 40. On my deathbed, I looked serene and recited a poem: the heroic spirit is far too empty, and the heart of Dan shines through the ages. I have never repaid my kindness in my life, so I left it to my loyal soul. Sejong was furious and executed. People heard that Yang Jisheng would be beheaded, and people from four cities flocked to Xicheng to see Yang Jisheng off. The street was crowded with people and crying loudly, and the clear sky suddenly became dark. Yang Jisheng self-respect, death, singing in public:

I am noble and upright, and I only died for the kingdom. Qi Hao is still in space. Although I will die, my heart will live forever and shine on future generations.

The life of the country has long been the heart of the country, but it has failed to fulfill the regret of the country, leaving ashes as evil spirits to be compensated by the state to destroy the enemy.

On this day, Yan Song celebrated his victory in his mansion, while Jiajing continued his monastic career in Xiyuan.

On this day, Yang Jisheng used his death to reveal the true face of Yan Song to the whole world. Before this, the arrogant Yan Party embarked on the road of extinction, because there is an old saying-public anger is hard to commit.

Seven years after Yang Jisheng's death, Yan Song and his son were defeated by Shang Shu, Xu Jie, a university student in Dongge. After Ming Taizu Mu Zong ascended the throne, he was rehabilitated as an unjust minister of the previous dynasty. Yang Jisheng was the first person to be posthumously awarded as Taichang Shao Qing.

In the second year of Qin Long, under the strong demand of Baoding people, Hao Jie, the governor of Zhili, called Mu Zong: "Baoding House is the hometown of Yang Jisheng. Local officials and people please establish a shrine for Yang Jisheng as a permanent memorial and ask for approval. " The emperor quickly approved it and named it "Zhong Jing" Temple.

Yang Gong Temple, built in Jinxian Hutong, has three halls, with a statue of Yang Jisheng in the middle, and two pavilions on each side of the hall. Each pavilion has a monument engraved with Yang Jisheng's History of Bama and Yan Song's Shu Shu. In the 13th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, two imperial letters of Fu Lin, the ancestor of Qing Dynasty, were engraved in the temple. There is an archway outside the gate of Yang Gong Temple, which reads "Watch", and another archway behind the temple reads "Zhong Jing Square".

Thirty-three years after the completion of Yang Gong Temple in Jinxian Hutong, people thought that the geomantic omen here was not good, so they built the second Yang Gong Temple (namely Jingzhong Temple) on Huanghuaguan Street. In the courtyard, there is an inscription on the Jingzhong Hall inscribed by Sun Chengzong, a great scholar, and the main entrance has the "Zhaodai Loyalist Square". When Kangxi was rebuilt for ten years in Qing Dynasty, another "Chengren Square" was added.

Yang Zhongyu translated his works.