I. Introduction Samarkand means fertile land in Uzbek. Known as the second largest city in Uzbekistan in ancient times, it was once a hub city on the Silk Road. It welcomed envoys from China and the Western Regions to the east, sent away Father Fu Jia from the powerful empire to the west, and welcomed and sent away Indian monks and walkers to the south. Samarkand is owned by the world-famous Sogdians who are good at business. They once built the Silk Road town beautifully, and even Alexander the Great, who fought in the Macedonian Empire, could not help exclaiming, "What I heard is true, but Samarkand is more spectacular than I expected." Second, the rise of Samarkand If you say which is the oldest city in Central Asia, Samarkand deserves it. The traces of human activities here can be traced back to 700,000 BC to 1 0,000 BC, which is equivalent to the Paleolithic Age of prehistoric civilization. Until the 8th century A.D. to the 7th century B.C., Samarkand's land was ruled by ancient countries such as bakht Leah, Varamozi, Sogdia and Rest in Peace. According to Herodotus' records, in the 6th century BC, the Persian army, led by King Ju Lushi, marched eastward, crossed the eastern Iranian plateau, passed through northern Afghanistan, crossed the Amu Darya to Sogdia, and established Malaquin, now Samarkand. Then, in the 4th century BC, with the growing strength of Macedonian Empire, Alexander followed the footsteps of Persian King Ju Lushi and occupied a large area of land in North Africa, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia, and the territory of the Empire expanded rapidly. At this time, the Persian Empire was defeated and was in danger, and it was hard to return under the rule of Darius Iii. After a series of major victories, in 329 BC, Macedonian troops crossed the Hindu Kush Mountain and fighters entered the bakht Leah Plain on the south bank of the Amu River. After the capture of Bhaktra and Anoos, they crossed the Amu Darya River and captured Samarkand, which was already an international city of Sogdian Empire. Macedonia's phalanx lives in a comfortable country ... population 9 140 miles,120,000 households, 600,000 mouths,120,000 soldiers ... When he became emperor, Kangju sent his son to serve the Han people, but he stayed away, but he was arrogant and refused to face other countries. -History of the Western Regions From the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century before the Park, Samarkand was under the rule of Seliu Kingdom, bakht Leah Kingdom and Dayue Family. At that time, the Western Han Dynasty in the Central Plains sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions in order to unite the Yue family and realize the strategy of "breaking the Xiongnu's right arm". Living comfortably in the northwest of Dawan, you can travel 2,000 miles in the countryside and do the same as Da Yue. There are 890,000 string controllers. It is adjacent to Dawan, Primary School, Nanyue and East Xiongnu. -Historical Records Biography of Dawan That is to say, it was not until the Silk Road was unblocked that Samarkand, as a necessary place, ushered in vigorous and rapid development, which shows how wise the decision of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to "hollow out the western regions" was and opened a unique channel for cultural, artistic and economic exchanges between the East and the West. With the change of the Central Plains dynasty, Samarkand was ruled by the rising Guishuang Empire from the 1 century to the 2nd century, and Guishuang Empire believed in Buddhism, so Samarkand was also a Buddhist country at this time. Because many important cities in Central Asia, such as Bukhara and Fergana, were under the rule of Guishuang Empire, Samarkand's status declined slightly. But it is still a bustling post station on the Silk Road. Second, become prosperous, be good at merchants, deal with foreigners, and make more contributions to other countries ... the climate is warm, crops are suitable, garden vegetables are cultivated frequently, and trees are lush. Horses, camels, mules, donkeys, cows, gold, winding yarn, incense, asana incense, rustling, peeling, drifting and brocade. More Pu Tao wine, a rich man's daughter, unbeaten every year. -Sui Shu's Biography of the Western Regions * * * Decoration in the Hall As can be seen from the above records, Samarkand has become an unusually prosperous city at this time. All kinds of commodities are traded here on a daily basis, with a strong commercial atmosphere, and your cool empire has been replaced by the Persian Sassanian dynasty. In the 5th century, LADA people, also known as the White Xiongnu in history, were all under their control, such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Fergana and other Central Asian cities. During their reign, tributes from various places were one of their main economic sources, and the prosperity of local trade directly affected the amount of tributes. The White Xiongnu regime thought many ways to encourage the towns along the Silk Road to strengthen international trade, so as to improve the prosperity of all localities. It was during this period that coins began to circulate in Samarkand, Bukhara and other cities. It is called a powerful country, and many countries in the western regions belong to it. The United States, Japan, China, Angola, Japan, Japan and South Korea all joined them. -"Sui Shu's Biography of the Western Regions" shows that Samarkand under the White Xiongnu has not only developed rapidly economically, but also become one of the best commercial centers in Central Asia, occupying a considerable position in political influence and gradually becoming the political and cultural center of Central Asia. In the middle of the 8th century, the Abbasid Dynasty, the second dynasty of the * * * Empire, rose, and the Datang Empire also stood in the east, controlling most of the land in the western regions. Abasi dynasty was in its heyday, and Samarkand was also included in the territory. * * * Religion began to spread here, not Buddhism and other religions. By the 9th century, another Sassanian regime took Bukhara as its capital and became the master of Samarkand. Gorgeous temples and religious schools have sprung up in Bukhara, Termez, Samarkand and other cities, becoming the most prestigious cultural and scientific centers in Central Asia. Samarkand was recorded in Tang Xuanzang's Records of the Western Regions and Faxian's The Journey to the West, and was called "Founding the People's Republic of China". The Sogdians living here have a gift for business. They are greedy, and their father and son plan their profits. That man is twenty years old, that is to say, he is a distant country. He came to a mild summer and benefited a lot. The largest city in the river with prosperous culture has surpassed Bukhara, the capital of shaman dynasty, in area and population. After Genghis Khan's Western Expedition and Genghis Khan's invasion of Samarkand, the situation is like this: there are often hundreds of thousands of families in the city, and a quarter of them have survived since the country was broken. Anyone who has seen The Legend of the Condor Heroes knows that Guo Jing, a great warrior, once led beggars and Mongolian soldiers to help Genghis Khan capture Samarkand by skydiving, and this plan was inspired by Ouyang Feng in Huang Rong. Of course, this is only a fictional novel, but in real historical materials, it took only one day for Genghis Khan to attack Samarkand. In A.D. 12 19, Genghis Khan's Mongolian fighters, Enemy at the Gates, and Hualazi's impregnable paradise city, Maha, adopted a stupid strategy to defend against the enemy. Instead of heavily defending Samarkand, they scattered their troops in cities all over the country. As a result, the important towns of Bukhara and Samarkand did not escape the trampling of the Mongolian army. Its territory is more than 3,000 miles from east to west, with wide and flat land and fertile soil. The city where Wang lives is more than ten miles wide and densely populated. All the goods in the southwest are gathered here, and the quantity is abundant. There is an earthen house in the northeast of the city, which is a place to worship heaven. The rules are exquisite, and the pillars are all bluestone and carved. -"The Legend of the Western Regions in the Ming Dynasty" Emperor Timur Until the second half of the 0/4th century A.D./Kloc, Samarkand shed his shabby clothes and took on a new look, which was attributed to a great emperor named Amur Timur. The Timur Empire he established spanned most of Central and Western Asia and South Asia, and treasures plundered from all over the world during the war were decorated in every corner of Samarkand. At the same time, an inclusive monarch will realize an inclusive country and create a brand-new cultural and political environment. During Timur's reign, Ulubo, the grandson of Timur, was a cultural man who was proficient in astronomy, architecture, mathematics and other disciplines, so he paid special attention to the development of cultural undertakings and academic and scientific development. The Ulubek Theological Seminary and the Ulubel Observatory were built in Samarkand, making Samarkand the cultural center of Central Asia at that time. /kloc-in the 6th century, the Sibani dynasty of Uzbekistan moved its capital to Bukhara, and the prosperous Samarkand began to decline. /kloc-occupied by Russia in the 0/9th century, 1888 built the Caspian Railway in Samarkand. The economy here has developed again. Although the capital of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan moved from Samarkand to Tashkent in 1930, Samarkand has always been one of the most important cities in Central Asia. Thirdly, the cheetah scenes of Samarkand and Tang Gaozong painted on the north wall of the central plains envoy hall often appear as "the country of health" or "the country of comfort" in China ancient books. Now, the ancestors of some people named Kang are former Samarkand, and their cultural, political and economic exchanges are inextricably linked with this ancient city of Central Asia, from which papermaking was spread to Central and Western Asia and the European continent. In 656 AD, the mural of King Sogdian's "Ambassador's Hall" depicts the image of envoys and guards from various countries coming to Samarkand, and the back wall is the image of the emperor and queen of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, shi jun's Tomb and Anya's Tomb in Xi 'an Museum also contain the remains left by the Sumerians in Samarkand. Archaeology around Samarkand also found many ancient coins of "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" bilingual in Sogdian and Chinese, Greek coins of Seleucian Antioch I period, Sassanbos silver coins and so on. It further shows that this place is the frontier of multicultural communication and has contributed to the process of world civilization. Four. Conclusion The ideal city commemorative stamps of the Belt and Road Forum are in a ups and downs cycle, just like a person's life. Despite the vicissitudes of life, he is still a pearl in the world famous city. Samarkand was listed as a world cultural heritage in 200 1, and the United Nations has made great efforts to protect and restore it. With the implementation of the "Belt and Road Initiative", this ancient Central Asian city has ushered in new opportunities, and it will continue to be an important post station and central city on the Silk Road.