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The history of credit and money
I. History related to money 1. The earliest currency: natural shells.

2. Metal currency: copper imitation shell and money (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to act as equivalents in the late Yellow Emperor). 3. Currency in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Natural shells are still an important currency. Metal currency is widely used: a, copper shell, copper block; B, currency and cloth are being transformed into metal currency in Guanluo Sanjin area.

4. Empty money cloth in the Spring and Autumn Period: it was circulated in Guanluo Sanjin area, and "Zhou, Zheng, Jin and Wei" were mainly flat-headed empty cloth. Knife (goods): It was circulated in the Qi State in the East, imitating a production tool.

Imitation copper shell circulating in southern Chu State. 5. Save money: round holes and square holes.

Money in Sanjin and Zhoubu currency areas: in units of two, a round hole with one or two coins has no outline and a square hole with half two coins. 6. Gold circulation in the Warring States Period The gold circulation in the Warring States Period was based on gold and Yi, and was mainly based on Nanjin.

7. Gold, the currency of the Qin Dynasty, was named the superior currency; Copper coin is known as half a tael, as heavy as its text, and it is the next coin; Beads, jade, tortoise shells, silver and tin are the treasures of ornaments, not coins. 8. There are three baht, four baht, five baht, leather coins and white gold coins in the Western Han Dynasty.

9. Eastern Han Dynasty Currency Iron Money: In 30 AD, Gongsun Shu cast iron money in Sichuan, and used iron as monetary material for the first time in history. Five baht money: In 40 AD, Emperor Guangwu suggested from Ma Yuan to restore five baht money.

10, two years in Wang Mang's period: wrong knife, wrong knife, big spring. Six years: scrap the wrong knife, sign the knife for five baht, issue Koizumi instead of five baht, circulate five kinds of coins: gold, silver, copper, tortoise and shellfish, and lend six people gold, silver, spring, cloth, tortoise and shellfish.

Twenty-eight products 1 1. In the Han Dynasty, gold was the upper currency, while copper was the lower currency, and it was still the legal tender. The unit is changed from one to Jin, 1 Jin = 10000 yuan. There were two kinds of horseshoes in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, namely, unicorn gold (round) and horseshoe gold (oval).

In the Western Han Dynasty, it was mainly used for giving gifts. In the era of Wang Mang, gold was nationalized. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, gold decreased, and silk, cloth and copper coins were used as gifts. 12, the currency of the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Wei Dynasties: once traded with grain and silk, but also resumed the circulation of five baht; Shu: straight 100 yuan; Wu: Daquan is 500 and Daquan is 1000.

Jin Dynasty: No new coins were minted. In the Western Jin Dynasty, five baht of Han and Wei dynasties and various ancient coins were mainly used. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yuan Emperor mainly used the old money after crossing the river in Sunwu area. Sixteen countries: The secretariat of Liangzhou in Hexi was restored to five baht, and Hanxing money was the earliest annual money in China.

13, Liu Song currency in Southern and Northern Dynasties: four baht; Liang xiaonanqi: for the first time, a lot of cast iron money was cast, and copper coins, five baht money and short hundred were cast; Chen: Borrow six beads; Northern Wei Dynasty: Taihe five baht, Yong 'an five baht; Eastern Wei Dynasty: Five baht along Yong 'an; Beiqi: Changping five baht; Northern Zhou Dynasty: Buquan, Wuxing Dabu, Yongtong Wanguo; At the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people in northern Jizhou traded silk cloth and people in southern Wuling traded salt rice cloth. 14, the currency of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty forged a unified standard of five baht to become a unified currency in domestic circulation! In the legal tender circulation system in the Tang Dynasty, money and silks were used together. In four years, Wude abandoned five baht to cast Kaiyuan Bao Tong coins, stipulating that the color code should be separated from the measurement and naming system of money, and the weight should be used as the name of the currency.

15, the currency of the late Tang and Five Dynasties was Huichang Kaiyuan Money (Kaiyuan Baotong Money had words on the back, and later all the states cast the state names on the back). The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were generally chaotic, and Zhou Shizong made the most money by casting Tianbao in Zhu Yuanzhang.

Silver began to enter circulation (copper coins decreased, silk was not feasible, and silver gradually entered circulation), but in the Tang Dynasty it was mainly used as ornaments or wealth collection (silver cakes, silver collars), bribery, military supplies, local gifts, etc. After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the trend of public and private collecting silver gradually took shape. Lingnan Road and Jiangxi Road produce the most silver.

16, Song Dynasty currency, Song Dynasty year money: In addition to Bao Tong's money, add the emperor's year number. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was no difference between Bao Tong in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and Bao Tong in Kaiyuan. Later, Bao Tong appeared in Taiping, and Bao Tong appeared in Chunhua. Every time the emperor changes their RMB, they will recast a new currency.

Chinese characters are all treasures and ingots, but the fonts have changed, including Zhen, Cao, Li, seal and line. Copper coin areas in the Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng Prefecture, Dongjing, Hebei, Huainan, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, western Guangdong and other places.

Northern Song Tieqian District: Sichuan Northern Song Tieqian Dual-purpose District: Shaanxi, Hedong Southern Song Tongqian District: Southeast and Southern Song Tieqian District: Huaibei, Jingxi, Hubei Southern Song Tieqian Dual-purpose District: Jingmen and other places: all credit certificates can be cashed and can only be used in Sichuan. Yin Qian: It is not used as currency, but only for exchange. It can be used outside Sichuan (changing jiaozi into money). Huizi in the Southern Song Dynasty was originally distributed in the southeast folk, and later the government set up the Huizi Library, completely imitating the method of Chuanyin.

Local currency: Sophora japonica, Hu Hui, Chuanyin and Yinhuizi. 17. Yuan Dynasty unified currency period: laid the foundation of RMB paper money system, and the Yuan Dynasty did not cast copper coins.

Zhongtong Yuanbao payment notes are capitalized with silk, with consistency and text as the unit. Yuan banknote period: the most important currency in the Yuan Dynasty, circulating in parallel with the central banknotes.

The most correct period of paper money: the circulation of silver was forbidden in the Yuan Dynasty, but many people used it, and paper money was linked to silver. 18, Ming and Qing dynasty currency Daming banknote: the banknote face is based on the future, and there is no reserve for issuing banknotes. People are allowed to exchange gold and silver for Daming banknotes, and the payment is limited. Old banknotes can be exchanged for new ones; 148 1 year, paper money collapsed, 158 1 year, and silver became a common currency.

19, the modern currency copper coins changed from coinage to copper coins, and silver coins changed from silver to silver (the earliest foreign silver dollar that flowed into China was Spanish silver dollar, and Zhang Zhidong invited a bureau to cast silver dollars in Guangdong in the 13th year of Guangxu, and the casting was officially approved in the 16th year of Guangxu). Sometimes, due to special reasons, different local governments in the same country may issue different versions of money. For example, in Britain, including England, Scotland and even remote islands such as Jersey and Guernsey, there are different versions of the pound, which can be traded with each other in other parts of Britain. However, only the British pound is an internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the British pound may be rejected outside the UK.

Due to historical reasons, People's Republic of China (PRC) has three different legal tender. The mainland uses RMB, and Hong Kong and Macao implement one country, two systems. The legal tender in Hong Kong is the Hong Kong dollar and Macao is the Macao pataca. There is no direct or indirect relationship between the two and the US dollar. China and Taiwan Province Province use the New Taiwan Dollar.

Each basic monetary unit can usually be divided into smaller tokens. The most commonly used ratio is1100, and the secondary currency is the main currency.

Second, what is the credit currency? In the history of commodity market development, people tend to choose a lighter and lower-cost trading method.

As a result, the way of credit transaction came into being. Credit currency is the product of credit transaction.

Literally, the focus of credit currency is "credit". Credit currency is a currency stipulated and enforced by national laws. It can play the role of money independently in the circulation process and is not based on any precious metals.

Credit currency is the product of the slow development of alternative currency. The biggest difference between it and alternative currency is that alternative currency replaces metal to perform the two functions of payment means and circulation means, while credit currency is separated from precious metals. Credit currency is provided by banks and used for credit circulation. The value of credit currency itself is far lower than the value of the currency it represents.

In the 1930s, the world economic crisis broke out and the economies of various countries were in recession. Coupled with the outbreak of the financial crisis, many paper money issued by western countries cannot be converted into corresponding metal currency. In this critical situation, credit currency appeared, which solved people's temporary worries and became the product of the development of alternative currency. The development of credit currency really made people less worried about money at that time, and the credit currency system was also determined. The establishment of this system has made great changes in the financial system around the world.

Do you know what a credit currency is? It is an "upgraded version" of alternative currency! .

Three. The definition of paper money and credit currency (1) As mentioned above, paper money is a currency symbol or value symbol issued by the state and forced to circulate.

Paper money itself has no value (this does not mean that paper money itself does not need to be manufactured at any cost, but that the cost of manufacturing paper money itself is not proportional to the gap between paper money itself and the metal currency it represents), and it represents the metal currency to perform the function of circulation means. (2) The ability of paper money to undertake the above functions is fundamentally determined by the characteristics of money when it performs the functions of circulation means (the currency that performs circulation means must be real currency, but it can also be a currency with insufficient value).

(3) With the development of modern market economy, a variety of credit currencies have emerged, such as bank bills, credit cards, electronic money, commercial bills and bank drafts. (4) Credit currency is gradually produced with the appearance of the function of monetary payment means, which is the result of the gradual establishment and improvement of credit system in the process of commodity economy development.

Credit currency can be defined as a kind of credit certificate and symbol, which implements functions of money based on credit relationship. (5) The emergence and development of credit currency can promote the development of commodity economy, but it also increases the possibility of crisis in commodity economy.

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Fourth, about the relationship between credit and money. Credit currency is a credit tool based on credit activities and can play a monetary role. The main forms of credit currency are commercial paper, bank notes and deposit currency. Commercial paper is produced on the basis of extensive development of commercial credit. It is a kind of written creditor's rights certificate that the creditor who provides commercial credit has mastered in order to ensure his claim for creditor's rights. Mainly divided into promissory notes and drafts. Commercial paper can be transferred by "endorsement", so it can play the role of currency circulation means and payment means, and is a kind of bank paper. It is a credit tool, which can be circulated and paid with bank credit as a guarantee, so it is also a currency. Deposit currency refers to bank deposits that can play a monetary role, mainly refers to demand deposits that can be transferred and settled by issuing checks.

As an economic category, credit is a one-way value movement on the condition of repayment and interest payment. Its essence should be understood from the following aspects:

First, credit is not a general lending behavior, but is conditional on repayment and interest payment.

Second, credit is a special form of value movement. There are many forms of value movement, and credit is realized through a series of borrowing-repayment-payment processes. The one-way transfer of value is in sharp contrast with the traditional reciprocal transfer.

Third, credit is the relationship between creditor's rights and debts. Lenders are creditors, borrowers are debtors, and credit relationship is the unity of creditor's rights and debts.

Fourth, credit is an economic category closely related to commodity monetary economy. The credit of different societies reflects the economic relations of different societies.

To sum up, we can be sure that in history, money has been the main driving force of credit development. In other words, credit is based on the historical currency circulation.

Verb (the abbreviation of verb) is the history of Chinese currency at the turn of the century. At the beginning of the Millennium, the origin and development of currency were accompanied by the evolution of human social history. It has become an important tool to study social history and explore human civilization while recording human social and economic activities. The Chinese nation has a long history and is hardworking and brave. While creating and gestating human civilization, it also gestates the dazzling and far-reaching oriental monetary culture. It has become an important part of studying the evolution of the world currency. According to relevant historical data and archaeological research, the origin and development of China currency are basically synchronized with that of the world currency. The world currency generally came into being after the first social division of labor, developed in the slave society in Shang Dynasty, formed in the late Zhou Dynasty and unified in Qin Dynasty. As far as its currency development history is concerned, it has gone through four different stages, namely, physical currency period, metal currency period, paper currency period and modern electronic currency period. The casting of metallic silver and the use of paper money in China are far earlier than those in other countries and regions in the world. The period of physical currency is the primary stage of currency development, which came into being in the later stage after the first social division of labor and the separation of agriculture and animal husbandry in primitive society. According to the Book of Changes, "Shennong's contribution ... is to serve the city in Japan and the people in the world, collect the wealth of the world and retire after trading". The form of exchange is barter, which is called "barter". With the development of exchange, the form of "barter exchange" can't adapt gradually. Therefore, people choose a product that everyone is willing to accept as an equivalent. This product has obtained the function of money, which is called "physical money". Its object is livestock first, followed by cuckoo. Finally, money. During the period of metal currency, China used barter trade, which was called "barter". With the development of exchange, the form of "barter exchange" is gradually unsuitable. So people choose a product that everyone is willing to accept as an equivalent. This product has acquired the function of money and is called "physical money". Its object is livestock first, followed by cuckoo. Finally, Babe. China used metal currency after the second social division of labor, that is, the separation of handicrafts. Metal currency has been dominant in China's currency use for a long time, and it has been used for thousands of years, showing complex and diverse currency forms and occupying an important position in China's monetary system. Metal coins have mainly gone through three different stages: one is imitation currency stage. Money in this period was made of metal. Compared with the physical currency period, although there are several fixed coins, there is no standard weight, only the difference between size and weight. From Shang Dynasty to the end of Warring States, China was in the stage of imitating money, including imitation shells, imitation farm tools and imitation tool "cutting" coins, mainly including Western Zhou cloth coins, Qi and Yan Dao coins, Chu ant nose coins and imitation spinning wheel coins. Preliminary achievements have been made in the study of monetary theory, among which Mother and Child pays attention to the monetary stage, which is the period when the development of metal currency gradually moves towards standardization. In 22 1 year BC, after the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang unified the complicated copied money into gold and semi-square coins. At this stage, silver began to be cast, and it was widely popularized, making China the first country in the world to adopt silver-based currency. Among them, the five baht in the Han Dynasty was the longest-used and most successful currency in the history of China. In the research of monetary theory, it has also entered the nominal theory and metal theory from the light and heavy theory of copying the monetary stage. Third, remember the monetary stage of the annual treasure money. The use of Bao Tong in Kaiyuan of Tang Dynasty marked the beginning of the monetary stage of keeping the annual treasure money, that is, casting a year's number on the money. From the archaeological findings, it is not that money was cast on the next year's figures from the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, but that most of the coins after the Tang Dynasty were cast on the next year's figures. Therefore, in China, it is customary to call the coinage after Tang Kaiyuan Bao Tong as the monetary stage for recording money. The appearance of Shou Qian Ji is not only the need of economic development in Tang Dynasty, but also a summary of monetary practice in past dynasties. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of the feudal dynasty in China. With the increase of foreign exchanges, the currency in this period had an important influence on the currency changes in China and even the development of the world currency. The economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty was manifested in the following aspects: First, the economic prosperity promoted the development of money and credit institutions, Chang 'an at that time. Second, in addition to the popular copper coins, there were also gold and silver coins in the Tang Dynasty, which developed the physical form of money. The most influential coin in this period was "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" in the Tang Dynasty. Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in China, and China is also one of the first countries to use paper money. Its use can be traced back to the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty (about AD 1000). It gradually improved in the Ming Dynasty and became the main currency in economic exchanges. It continued to be used in the Qing Dynasty, but it was once abolished. The emergence and use of paper money is spontaneous in the process of social and economic exchanges, which is an unprecedented change in the development of money. Kyle Polo, a world-famous traveler who visited China in the middle of Ming Dynasty, could not understand that cheap paper could be exchanged for expensive silk at the same price. Although paper money has changed the way of commodity exchange, however, because feudal society and modern rulers only regard the issuance of paper money as a tool to accumulate wealth, excessive issuance has led to the intensification of inflation. The legal tender issued during the "legal tender reform" implemented by1935 * * * * was even used as a tool to exploit and oppress the people, expand armaments and persist in the civil war, which led to rising prices. It was not until February 1948 that the people's currency system was born that the issuance and use of paper money were truly standardized and unified, and the currency value remained stable, thus effectively promoting the prosperity of China's economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards. If the use of paper money in the last century is a new era in the history of China's currency development, then the electronic currency created by Americans as a symbol of modern society in the early 20th century is another epoch-making and significant change in the history of currency development. Its appearance not only changed the traditional payment method of human beings, but also realized the leap of money from tangible stage to intangible stage, and also changed the standard of measuring wealth for thousands of years, involving all aspects of human life. In the last decade, electronic money has been very convenient.

6. What is the history of the monetary system? The formation of monetary system is to eliminate the dispersion and confusion of currency circulation, so as to meet the needs of commodity production and the expansion of commodity circulation.

16-18th century, adapted to the initial situation of capitalist economic development at that time, the monetary system of emerging capitalist countries widely adopted the pluralistic standard system. With the further development of large-scale capitalist industry and wholesale business, the instability of multi-standard system has become increasingly prominent, and the transition from multi-standard system to single standard system began at the beginning of 19 century.

Britain first implemented the gold standard in 18 16; By the 1950s, most countries had adopted the gold standard. At the beginning of the 20th century, the gold standard has been widely implemented in various countries. 1929- 1933 during and after the world economic crisis, countries abandoned all kinds of gold standards one after another and implemented the system of dishonoured currency.

7. Similarities and differences between commodity currency and credit currency Commodity currency refers to the currency whose own value is the same as its market value, such as gold and silver! Legal tender is a trading tool stipulated by the state, such as RMB, which has no value (just a piece of paper).

Answer supplement

Credit currency is stipulated by national laws, does not contain any precious metals, and is forced to independently exercise the function of currency circulation. At present, the currencies issued by countries all over the world are basically credit currencies. Credit currency is a credit circulation tool provided by banks. Its own value is far lower than its currency value, and unlike alternative currency, it is completely decoupled from precious metals and no longer directly represents any precious metals. It is the product of the further development of monetary form and the direct result of the collapse of metal monetary system. In the 1930s, a worldwide economic crisis occurred, which caused economic panic and financial chaos, forcing major capitalist countries to break away from the gold standard and the silver standard one after another, and the paper money issued by the state could no longer be exchanged for metal money. Therefore, credit currency came into being. Today, almost all countries in the world adopt this currency form.