Although sports has a long history, the word "sports" appeared relatively late. Because before the word "sports" appeared, countries all over the world called sports differently.
In ancient Greece, games, wrestling and gymnastics were once listed as educational contents. 17 ~ 18 century, hunting, swimming, mountain climbing, running and jumping were also added to western education, but there was no unified name. At the end of 18, German J.C.F Gutz Jordan Mutch once classified and integrated these activities, which were collectively called "gymnastics". /kloc-in the 9th century, on the one hand, a new gymnastics system was formed in Germany, which was widely spread in Europe and America; On the other hand, many new sports have emerged one after another. In the school, more and more sports beyond the original scope of gymnastics have been gradually developed, and a new concept of "physical education is education through physical activities" has been established. Therefore, for quite a period of time, the words "gymnastics" and "sports" coexisted, mixed with each other and quite confused. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that they gradually became known as "sports" internationally.
China has a long history of sports, but "sports" is a foreign word. It first appeared in the early and late 20th century. At that time, a large number of Japanese students went to China to study, 190 1 to 1906. There are also many middle school sports. After returning home, they introduced the word "sports" to China.
In China, the word "sports" first appeared in 1904. When it comes to the comprehensive education of children in kindergartens in Hubei, it says, "Keep healthy and vigorous, and develop sports bases." 1905 also mentioned in "Teaching Introduction of Hunan Mengyang College": "Sports Kung Fu and gymnastics develop on the surface, while music and songs develop inside."
In China, the earliest sports group was 1906 "Shanghai Western Business Sports Association". 1907 Qiu Jin, a famous female revolutionary in China, also founded a sports meeting in Shaoxing. In the same year, the word "movement" began to appear in the memorials of the Qing Dynasty. After the Revolution of 1911, the word "movement" was gradually used.
1762, Rousseau published Emile in France. He used the word "sports" to describe the process of physical education such as physical maintenance, training and training for Amir. Because this book strongly criticized the church education at that time and caused great repercussions in the world, the word "movement" also spread around the world. From here, we can clearly see that the word "sports" comes from the word "education", and its earliest meaning refers to a special field in the education system. By the19th century, the word "sports" was widely used in developed countries in the world. Because of China's closed-door policy, German and Swedish gymnastics was not introduced to China until the middle of19th century, and then the Qing government opened a "gymnastics class" in the "foreign school". Around 1902, some students studying in Japan came from Japan with the word "sports". With the continuous influx of western culture into China, the content of school physical education has also developed from a single gymnastics to a diversified one, and basketball, track and field, football and so on have appeared in the classroom. Many people of insight suggested that the school physical education class should not be called gymnastics class, and the concept level must be made clear. 1923 "Gymnastics" was officially changed to "physical education class" in the Outline of Primary and Secondary School Curriculum (Draft).
Since then, the word "sports" has become a special term to mark school sports.
The word "sports" also has an evolutionary process in meaning. When it was first introduced to China, it referred to sports, which appeared as a part of education and was an educational process related to various activities to maintain and develop the body, which was consistent with the international understanding of "sports". With the progress of society and the continuous development of sports, its purpose and content have gone far beyond the original category of "sports", and the concept of sports has also been interpreted in a broad and narrow sense. When used broadly, it generally refers to sports, including physical education, competitive sports and physical exercise; When used in a narrow sense, it refers to sports in general. Many scholars have put forward some explanations for the concept of "sports", but the consistent explanation is that "sports is a social and cultural phenomenon or educational process with physical activity as the medium, with the direct purpose of seeking individual physical and mental health and all-round development and the ultimate goal of cultivating perfect social citizens". This definition of sports not only explains the essential attribute of sports, but also points out the category of sports, which is different from its adjacent or similar social phenomena. However, the concept of sports is not static. With the development and progress of society, the understanding of sports will also develop. According to historical data such as cultural relics and buildings, China began to carry out sports as early as around 2000 BC. Gymnastics was a very popular sport in ancient China. From the monument built for Pharaoh, we can see that swimming, fishing and other sports have developed in ancient Egypt thousands of years ago and established the rules of sports. Other sports in Egypt include javelin throwing, high jump and wrestling. The sports in ancient Persia include Iranian traditional martial arts and heroic sports, which are closely related to fighting skills. Sports that also originated in ancient Persia include polo and javelin competitions.
There have been a large number of sports since ancient Greece, and the development of military culture and sports in ancient Greece influenced each other. A prominent manifestation of the profound influence of sports on the ancient Greeks is that they founded the Olympic Games, which was held every four years in a small village called Olympia in the Peloponnesus.
Since the ancient Olympic Games, the organization and related rules of sports have been continuously strengthened. Industrialization has given residents in developed and developing countries more leisure time to participate in and watch ornamental sports. The number of people participating in sports has increased and communication has become more common. With the strengthening of mass media and global contact, this trend is more obvious. The specialization of sports has become the mainstream and sports have become more popular. Sports fans chase professional athletes through radio, television and internet, and they also participate in amateur sports to get exercise and entertainment. With the adjustment and upgrading of China's industrial structure, the sports industry has played an increasingly prominent role in promoting economic development. In 20 10, the General Office of the State Council issued the Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Sports Industry (Guo Ban Fa [2010] No.22), which affirmed the important role of sports industry in social economy from the perspective of national policy and defined the basic principles, main objectives and key tasks of sports industry development. The promulgation of "Guiding Opinions" indicates that the sports industry has begun to change to a mode of state-led, all departments and the whole society jointly promoting development. After the promulgation of "Guiding Opinions", sports industry policies in various places have been introduced one after another. The establishment of sports industry development guidance fund and the implementation of various fiscal and tax preferential policies of sports enterprises will effectively promote the development of local sports industry in China.
20 1 1 The State Sports General Administration has issued the 12th Five-Year Plan for the sports industry, which is the first five-year plan for China's sports industry. The plan elaborates the development goals, main tasks and main measures of the sports industry during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. For the first time, the plan clearly puts forward the quantitative index of sports industry development. "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", the added value of sports industry increased by an average of 15% or more. By the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the added value of the sports industry exceeded 400 billion yuan, accounting for more than 0.7% of GDP, with more than 4 million employees. Sports industry has become one of the important growth points of national economy. With the strong support of national policies, industrial policies and local policies, the sports industry will show great growth.
Sports industry is an important part of modern service industry, a new economic growth point and an important carrier to promote social employment. Sports industry has become internationally recognized as the most dynamic industry in 2 1 century. It is a sunrise industry, a health industry and a green industry with high permeability, cross-cutting and pulling. Sports industry is a pillar industry in developed countries. In North America, Western Europe and Japan, the annual output value of sports industry ranks among the top ten industries in China. Although the history of sports industrialization is less than 100 years, its development speed far exceeds other industries, with an annual growth rate of 20%, and its output value accounts for less than 1% of GDP, which is nearly 10 times lower than that of developed countries in Europe and America. In China's macroeconomic environment, with the increase of per capita income, leisure time, sports consumption and the promulgation of "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Sports Industry", it is believed that China's sports industry will usher in a golden stage of development.
The data shows that after more than 20 years of market-oriented attempts, the scale-up process of China's sports industry has achieved rapid development. 20 1 1 The sports industry is developing vigorously, and the total sponsorship income of the 26th Summer Universiade reaches 654.38+22.7 million yuan. The Italian Super Cup attracted nearly 80,000 people to the "Bird's Nest", and the ticket revenue alone exceeded 1 100 million yuan.