Author: Zhu Xinyu (Xin Yu) In 260 BC, a tragic strategic decisive battle took place between Qin and Zhao in Changping, Zhao. It was the famous Warring States Period in China's history. After a long period of time, countries conquered and merged with each other in the Spring and Autumn Period. At this time, only seven countries, namely Qi, Chu, Yan, Wei, Han, were left on the vast land of China, which was the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Qin, who had lived in a corner of the northwest for a long time, began Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Xiaogong in 356 BC, abandoning ore fields, building buildings, emphasizing agriculture and mulberry, establishing counties and establishing counties, promoting talents, strictly enforcing criminal law, and rewarding agriculture, weaving and meritorious military service. After more than 100 years of resolute changes throughout the country, the Western Qin Dynasty, which was not optimistic before, has risen and its national strength has greatly increased. It constantly moved from the west to the east, and defeated Wei Qi and other countries that tried to dominate the Central Plains and the once powerful Chu State. Correct the old Qin has stood in the world, and has formed a torrent, surging and unstoppable. At this time, among the six countries, only Zhao, who is located in Shanxi and Hebei, still has certain strength and competition. So there must be a war between Qin and Zhao! (1) Zhao: At that time, Shangdang County was fighting for disaster. At that time, the monarch of the State of Qin was Ying Ji, the king of Qin Zhao Xiang (325 BC ~ 25 BC1year), the grandson of Qin Xiaogong, the son of Qin Huiwen, and the half-brother of Qin Wuwang. In 307 BC, the powerful Qin Wuwang, who was only 23 years old, died in court with the Emperor of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Childless, he was transferred to Ying Ji, his half-brother. Our mother is the queen of Qin, a famous and outstanding female politician in ancient times. Zhao Xiang, king of Qin, reigned for 56 years from 306 BC to 25/kloc-0 BC, at the age of 75. He is the longest reigning monarch in the history of Qin and one of the longest reigning monarchs in the history of China. He was a brilliant and distinguished king in the history of Qin State. During his reign, Fan Sui was the Prime Minister and Tian Lei was the Commander-in-Chief. He made great efforts to rule the country, implemented the strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near", constantly attacked and weakened the six countries, and made Qin gradually stronger, which laid the foundation for his great-grandson Qin Shihuang to finally sweep Liuhe and unify the whole country of China. As the fuse of the battle of Changping in Qin and Zhao, we have to mention the so-called Shangdang county dispute first. Shangdang County at that time was located in Changzhi, Shanxi, which was the junction of Hebei, Henan and Shanxi provinces. The steep terrain has always been a battleground for military strategists. It is said that the good party is expected to win the Central Plains. During the Warring States Period, Shangdang County originally belonged to South Korea. In order to seize this strategic location, Qin attacked South Korea for three consecutive years, attacking the city and plundering the land, cutting off the contact between Shangdang County and South Korea and making it an enclave between North Korea and Zhao State. In 262 BC, Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty had no choice but to yield to the State of Qin and promised to cede all seventeen cities in Shangdang County to the State of Qin. Unexpectedly, the prefect of Shangdang County and his soldiers and civilians did not want to enter Qin, so they came to Handan, the capital of Zhao State, and told Xiang, Zhao and Chen Wang that they were willing to give Shangdang County to Zhao, with the intention of using Zhao Zhili to fight. Regarding whether or not to accept the submission from Shangdang County, the Zhao court has two completely different opinions. Zhao Bao (uncle), the monarch of Pingyang, pointed out that it was because Qin paid a huge price to get this side. Now Zhao has benefited in vain, and Qin will definitely not let it go! Therefore, Zhao should not accept joining the party. ""saints are bad for no reason. Zhao Shengdun, another uncle of Zhao, known as one of the Four Childes of the Warring States Period, urged him to accept Shangdang County. He believes that even if you attack with a million troops, you may not be able to win the party easily. Now he can get it without firing a shot. How could he not accept it! Ping Yuanjun was the prime minister of Zhao for three times, and the name of "Four Childes of Warring States" is a household name. His opinions are more valued, which coincides with Zhao's greed for petty gain. So Zhao Haoqi and Cheng Xiao decided to take Shangdang County, named Feng Ting as Hua Yangjun to continue to serve as the prefect of Shangdang County, and Zhao Sheng led fifty thousand troops to take Shangdang County. As a result, it is inevitable that Qin and Zhao will make enemies, and war is imminent. In 260 BC, Wang Bi (He), commander-in-chief of Xiang School of Qin State, went to capture Shangdang. Then he attacked Zhao in Changping (now Gaoping City, Jincheng, Shanxi). Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao ordered veteran Lian Po to lead the army to meet him. After the first battle failed, Lian Po built a camp, which could not strengthen the attack on the powerful Qin Jun. From April to July in the lunar calendar, the two sides were deadlocked in Changping. However, the huge war consumption is a heavy burden for both Qin and Zhao, and the monarchs of both countries are eager to end this protracted war deadlock. (Zhao Sheng, Ping Yuanjun) (2) Qin State: Many bones are buried in Changping. At this time, Qin Xiang Fan Sui used a series of tricks. On the one hand, he used the opportunity of Zhao's envoy to make peace to spread the news that Qin and Zhao made peace, so that the other five countries would not send troops to help Zhao, in order to isolate Zhao. On the other hand, they sent spies to the capital of Zhao, bribing them wantonly, spreading what they were not afraid of Lian Po at all, but Zhao She's sons Zhao Kuo and Ma Fujun. Ma Su is a famous soldier of Zhao. He led the Zhao army to defeat many times before his death and enjoyed a high reputation in both armies. His son, Zhao Kuo, was familiar with the art of war since he was a child. He usually likes to talk about the theory of war, and sometimes even his father has to admit defeat. Sure enough, the prince of Zhao was arrested and summoned Zhao Kuo overnight to ask about the coup in Qin. Zhao Kuo is full of patriotic blood. He boasted that if the commander-in-chief of Qin Jun was Wu Anjun, he would still be afraid. Now he is just a Wang Bi, and it is only a matter of time before he breaks the Qin Dynasty. So he decided to replace Lian Po, appointed Zhao Kuo as the commander-in-chief of Zhao, and sent 200,000 more troops to Zhao Kuo, hoping to win in one fell swoop. (Lian Po) When Zhao Kuo's mother learned about her son Moruofu, she quickly requested to meet the King of Zhao and reported to him the opinion of Zhao She, the king of Ma Su, before his death: Zhao Kuo's theory on paper was useless. Ask Zhao to take back his life. But the prince of Zhao made up his mind and ordered Zhao Kuo to rush to Changping overnight to replace Lian Po as Zhao's head coach. Almost at the same time, Zhao Xiang, the king of Qin, secretly sent Wu Anjun to Changping, became the commander-in-chief of General Qin Jun and Wang Bi's deputy, and sent another 200,000 troops to the front. At the same time, he ordered the three armed forces not to reveal secrets. Zhao Kuo, the new head coach of Zhao, rushed to Changping overnight and made a promotion order. At the moment, he didn't know that Qin Jun had also changed coaches. However, Zhao Kuo, who was hot-blooded, young and lacking in actual combat experience, was eager to make contributions, so he changed Lian Po's conservative strategy of defending against the enemy, and ordered Zhao to attack on all fronts. Experienced Qin Jun coach Tian Lei is worthy of the title of God of War. As soon as he got to the front, he took advantage of the night to survey the terrain and knew the terrain like the back of his hand, so he played along and used Zhao Kuo's eagerness to win to cheat and defeat Zhao. Passing 18-wheeler, Zhao Yi entered the ambush circle, and quickly broke Zhao's route for providing foodstuff, and surrounded Zhao, who was alone, like an iron drum. (Zhao Kuo) Zhao Kuo woke up too late. At this point, Zhao's posterior road has been cut off, and a grain of food and grass can't be sent, and hundreds of thousands of people need to eat and drink every day. No.1, No.2, No.5, No.10, Qin Jun's encirclement continues to increase, and daily battlefield propaganda urges Zhao to surrender. By September of the lunar calendar, Zhao Jun had been trapped for 46 days, and more and more people were injured. First, we had to slaughter horses to satisfy our hunger, until we finally ate all the food we could eat, and then there was even a human tragedy of cannibalism! The soldiers were so hungry and dizzy that they were too hungry to stand. Where was the fighting capacity in the past? In the meantime, Zhao Kuo had organized Zhao to break through five times, but none of them succeeded. The fifth break, even the coach Zhao Kuo died heroically! In September of the lunar calendar in 260 BC, on the 46th day after the siege, 400,000 desperate remnants of the Zhao army saw that customs clearance was hopeless and hungry, so they had to raise a white flag and surrender to Qin Jun. How to deal with these 400,000 Zhao soldiers has become a difficult problem that must be faced. Letting them go back to Zhao is tantamount to releasing the tiger to the mountain! Qin Jun's own food supply is still tight. How can there be so much food to feed them? In vain, there is nothing to do. In the end, the wolf heart ordered the pit to kill these 400,000 soldiers, leaving only 240 young soldiers to report back. " "A general will be famous and his bones will dry up. "At this moment, the dark wind is high in Changping ravine, and the evil wind is miserable! Poor 400 thousand creatures, it's terrible to die together in one day! (3): The tragic bloody battle in the history of Long Moon Sorrow ended with Zhao losing 450,000 people and killing 200,000 people. Zhao lost, Qin lost. From then on, Zhao lost the strength to compete with Qin, and Qin accelerated the pace of unifying China. It is said that 240 young soldiers who were sent back to Zhao fled back to China and wept bitterly for Changping's tragedy. Immediately, Zhao was in power and went up and down to the homes of ordinary people, and the sound of mourning began to fall. It turns out that all the men of Zhao were recruited to be fourteen years old, and almost all of them were killed in Changping. After the battle of Changping, he returned to Xianyang in vain, unhappy all day, and never let go of the shadow of killing and surrender. His wife, a native of Zhao, is deeply saddened by this catastrophe in his motherland. In addition, Tian Lei has been at odds with Fan Sui and his words are dirty, which makes him even more disheartened, so he is sick at home. Later, Qin Zhao pestered the king several times to go to war, but he refused. After a long time, Zhao Haoqi Xiang of Qin became more and more suspicious and dissatisfied with Bai, and even said, "His intention is dissatisfaction, and he has more to say." In this way, after three years, in 257 BC 1 1 month (fifty years of Qin's reign), the king of Qin finally sent an emissary to Abel Tamata to send a sword to commit suicide. The poor generation of famous soldiers will eventually die with a sigh! (4) Zhao Kuo: How can an armchair strategist do it? Historically, people have been talking about the reasons why Zhao lost in the battle of Changping and who should be responsible for it. One of the most important viewpoints is that Sima Qian, the Taishi Gong in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, later said in Historical Records: He believed that Zhao Sheng listened to the "fallacy" of Shangdang County, which made them confused and ignorant, and encouraged his nephew Zhao to obtain Shangdang County many times, and they should not have benefited from it. As the head coach of Zhao, Zhao Kuo knew nothing about the enemy, made mistakes in decision-making, and had to bear important responsibility for the failure of the war. But in the end, Zhao Kuo insisted on killing the enemy until he died in the battlefield and died for his country. Like Bai Qi, they are all heroes and tragedies created by history. As the monarch of Zhao, Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao seems to be responsible for Zhao's fiasco. Because Wang Zhao, as the king of a country, has great control over the political development of his own country, he should clearly understand the development of the situation, take advantage of the situation and make decisions and judgments that are beneficial to the country. At first, Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao refused to accept the correct opinion of Zhao Bao, the king of Pingyang, and accepted the ownership of Shangdang County for immediate benefit. After the war began, because the comprehensive national strength of Zhao was far inferior to that of Qin, it could not bear the test and pressure of the long-term war on the country's supply and support capacity, so it was eager to get rid of it. On the one hand, however, he did not correctly and timely carry out the diplomacy of uniting with other five countries to jointly resist Qin in order to win the support of the five countries, which showed that Zhao could only fight alone by one country. On the other hand, blindly listening to Zhao Kuo's generous warm-blooded words and hastily making a strategic decision to change his position and take the offensive as the defense led to a great defeat in the Changping War, which was related to the life and death of the country. In fact, the general trend of the world at that time was very clear. Even if Zhao was not defeated in Changping, it would not change the historical process of Qin's final annexation of six countries and unification of the world. In 247 BC, thirteen years after the battle of Changping, the king of Qin ascended the throne. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, it took ten years for the State of Qin to wipe out the six countries of Han and Zhao Chuqi and establish the first unified feudal dynasty in the history of China. The first emperor of Qin was Qin Shihuang. (Tian Lei) The Battle of Changping 1700 Years later, Wang Shizhen (1526 ~ 1590), a scholar of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, passed by Changping and remembered the battle of life and death that year. He couldn't help but think about it and wrote a ballad poem "Too long to be flat is long and parallel". The first eight lines of the poem are as follows: the white bones are higher than the Taihang snow, and the blood is purple. The head is pointed and the body is straight, cloudless. Youcao died, and the crow crowed on the ghost car. So far, it's cloudy here. "Poetry four rhyme, even, constitute ups and downs, such as layer upon layer, continuous ups and downs. Because the legendary bald head is small and pointed, it is called "pointed head" in the poem "In any case, the human tragedy of the battle of Changping must never happen again"! (The remains of the ancient battlefield two thousand years ago: the bone pit of the battle of Changping) Author's brief introduction Zhu Xinyu (Xinyu), a member of Chongqing Poetry Society. I love studying history, culture and classical poetry, and have published several poems and essays. Now living in Chongqing. My suggestion: If you like this article, please forward the comments.