1. Renaissance
Time: about14th century.
Location: Italy
Reason: the bourgeois relations of production first appeared.
Thought: humanistic thought
Essence: bourgeois cultural movement
People and Achievements: Dante [Italian] Poet (Divine Comedy)
Da Vinci [Italy] Master of Art (The Last Supper, Mona Lisa)
Shakespeare [English] literary giants (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet)
Significance: Renaissance promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society.
2. Open up new routes
The root cause: the development of commodity economy and the emergence of capital economy.
Process:
(1) 1487, Diaz of Portugal sailed eastward from Portugal and reached the Cape of Good Hope.
(2) 1492, Columbus (Italian) arrived in America with the support of the Spanish royal family.
(3) 1497- 1498, Portuguese? Gamma (supported by Portugal) arrived in India and other places.
(4)1519-1522, Magellan sailed around the world on the orders of the king of Spain.
Impact:
(1) After the opening of the new air route, the traffic from Europe to Asia, America and Africa became increasingly close, and the world began to become a whole. (Impact on the World) ...
(2) The prosperity of industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast of Europe promoted the emergence and development of capitalism. (Impact on the Development of Capitalism)
(3) The capitalist market began to take shape.
(4) Prove the theory of the earth circle (added by classmates, not important)
3. British bourgeois revolution
Background: The development of British capitalism has produced new classes-the bourgeoisie and new noble.
Root cause: feudal autocracy hindered the development of British capitalism.
Time:1640 ——1688
The fuse was the Scottish people's uprising.
Commencement sign: 1640 Parliament convened.
Leaders: the bourgeoisie and the upstart.
Literature: Bill of Rights (promulgated after the revolution)
Results: A capitalist country with constitutional monarchy was established.
Significance: The British bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal monarchy through revolution, established its dominant position, cleared the obstacles for the development of the bourgeoisie and promoted the historical process of the world.
Revolutionary characteristics: long time, tortuous process, compromise (incomplete)
4. American War of Independence
Reason:
(1) Britain hopes that the North American colony will always be its raw material producing area and commodity market, and tries its best to suppress the economic development of North America.
(2) The colonial people were strongly dissatisfied and rebelled.
(3) British colonial rule hindered the development of capitalism (the main reason)
Time:1775 ——1783
Start sign: Lexington gunfire
The fuse was the Boston tea party.
Leaders: the industrial bourgeoisie in the north and the planters in the south.
End sign: Britain recognizes American independence.
Documents: Declaration of Independence (promulgated during the Revolution) and Constitution of the United States (promulgated after the Revolution).
Results: A federal capitalist country was established.
Significance: The American War of Independence ended British colonial rule, realized national independence and established a relatively democratic bourgeois political system, which was conducive to the development of American capitalism and promoted the revolution in Europe and Latin America in the future.
Contents of the American Constitution 1787:
(1) The Constitution establishes that the United States is a federal state, and stipulates that the President is both the head of state and the head of government, and enjoys executive power.
(2) The Congress and the Supreme Court have the legislative power and judicial power of the state respectively.
Reasons for the victory of American War of Independence:
(1) War Justice
(2) The people actively participated in the war.
(3) Support from France, Netherlands and other countries.
(4) correct leadership and flexible tactics of Washington and others.
5. The French Revolution
The root cause: feudal autocracy hindered the development of capitalist economy.
Time:1789 ——1815
Start sign: 1789 The first uprising of Paris people captured the Bastille.
The fuse: the third-level meeting was held.
Outbreak signs:
Leader: the bourgeoisie
End sign:1794 in April, robespierre and others were guillotined in the coup.
Literature: The Declaration of Human Rights (promulgated during the revolution) and the Code (promulgated after the revolution).
Results: The First Republic of France was founded (Napoleon established the First Empire of France after the Great Revolution).
Significance: The French Revolution destroyed the feudal rule in France, established a bourgeois republic, attacked the feudal system in Europe, spread the progressive ideas of bourgeois freedom and democracy, and had a great impact on the development of world history.
Revolutionary features:
(1) The process is difficult and tortuous.
(2) The revolution is the most thorough.
6. The first industrial revolution
Time: 65438+60s in 2008 to around 1840.
Start sign: the invention of Jenny machine in 65438+60' s.
Features: Watt's improvement of the steam engine is widely regarded as a hero, and mankind has entered the "age of steam" (pay attention to the difference between "steam" of steam and "gas" of electricity).
Theoretical guidance: Newtonian mechanics
Achievements:
(1) Invention and manufacture of machinery: cotton textile industry-metallurgy-mining industry.
(2) Power: Watt improved the steam engine.
(3) Creation of means of transportation: ships and trains.
(4) New energy: coal.
Impact:
(1) has created great productivity.
(2) relations of production: changed the social outlook; Capitalism finally defeated feudalism; There are two opposing classes (the bourgeoisie and the proletariat) with sharp struggles.
(3) International pattern: Western capitalist countries that took the lead in completing the industrial revolution gradually established their rule over the world, and the world formed a situation of "the West is advanced and the East is backward". The capitalist world market has initially taken shape (key! )
Emerging industrial sector: machinery manufacturing
7./kloc-European workers' movement in the 0/9th century
(1) the charter movement:
Reason: During the 1930s and 40s of 19, workers actively strived to improve their working and living conditions and raise their political status.
Time:1836 ——1848
Content: Get universal suffrage so as to have the opportunity to participate in the management of the country.
Features: It is the first mass proletarian political revolutionary movement in the world.
Impact:
The (1) movement was the first mass proletarian political revolutionary movement in the world.
(2) Due to the lack of scientific theory, the further development of the workers' movement is affected.
(3) It shows that the proletariat, as an independent political force, has stepped onto the historical stage, showing the great role of the proletariat.
(2) Declaration of * * *
Time: 1848
Drafters: Marx and Engels
Content: The Declaration analyzes the role of class struggle in the historical development of class society, reveals the objective law that capitalism must be replaced by socialism, and calls on proletarians all over the world to unite and fight for their own liberation.
Influence: The publication of the * * * Declaration marks the birth of Marxism. Under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement has entered a new historical period.
③ Paris Commune
Background:
(1) 1870 There was a war between France and Prussia, France was defeated, and Pu Jun's army came to Paris at the gates.
(2) The bourgeois government bowed its knees to the outside world and prepared to suppress the domestic people.
(3) 187 1 In March, 2008, the government forces clashed with the "National Guard", which led to the outbreak of the workers' uprising in Paris.
Impact:
(1) The Paris Commune was the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish political power.
(2) The fearless spirit of commune fighters in the face of strong enemies will always inspire future generations.
8. American Civil War (American Civil War)
Roots: the existence of slavery hindered the development of American capitalism; Contradiction between two different economic systems (lack of productivity)
The core contradiction: the preservation or abolition of slavery
Time:1861-1865
Purpose of war: safeguarding national unity
Leader: American President Lincoln
Literature: Emancipation Proclamation of Black Slaves and Homestead Law (promulgated in the Revolution)
Function: arouse the revolutionary enthusiasm of the people, especially the black slaves; The war situation began to benefit the north and created conditions for the north to win.
Nature: The Civil War is the second bourgeois revolution in American history.
Impact: The abolition of slavery in the United States cleared another big obstacle for the development of capitalism and created conditions for the rapid economic development (the second industrial revolution) in the future.
The reason for the victory in the north:
(1) During the civil war, the northern government was supported by the broad masses of the people and slaves.
(2) The implementation of the capitalist system in the north conforms to the historical trend.
(3) The northern government is only defending national unity.
9. Expansion and consolidation of bourgeois rule
① The reform in Russia took place in 186 1 year.
Background: In the middle of 6th century, Russia became a centralized feudal country and serfdom prevailed. (1) Due to the obstruction of serfdom, by the middle of19th century, Russia's capitalist industry developed slowly, falling behind other major capitalist countries. 3. The situation of serfs is very miserable, and riots are frequent.
Time: 186 1 year
Objective: To get rid of the crisis of serfdom and consolidate the rule.
* * * Things: Alexander II
Content:
The law (1) stipulates that serfs are "free men" in law, and landlords are no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives.
(2) serfs can get a piece of land after liberation, but they must pay the price for it.
Impact:
The reform of (1) 186 1 is a bourgeois reform carried out by the tsar from top to bottom, which is conducive to the development of capitalism.
(2) Although this reform got rid of many feudal remnants, it accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and was a major turning point in modern Russian history.
② Meiji Restoration in Japan
Background:
(1)1Japan was still a closed-door and backward feudal country in the middle of the 9th century. The emperor's power was marginalized, and the actual power was in the hands of the shogunate.
(2) The infiltration of foreign forces has intensified the internal contradictions in Japan, and tokugawa era is in jeopardy.
(3) Some middle and lower samurai gradually began to accept the advanced technology and ideas of the west, and advocated overthrowing the rule of the shogunate by force, and achieved success.
Time: 1868
Character: Emperor Meiji, warrior of the lower class.
Content:
(1) Politically, "abolish the vassal state and set the county" and strengthen centralization.
(2) economically, land sales are allowed, advanced western technologies are introduced, and the development of modern industries is encouraged.
(3) In social life, we advocate "civilization", that is, learning from Europe and America and striving to develop education.
Impact:
(1) The Meiji Restoration gradually transformed Japan from a closed feudal country into a capitalist country and got rid of the fate of becoming a semi-colonial country, which was a major turning point in Japanese history.
(2) However, after Japan became powerful, it soon embarked on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion.
★ Compare the similarities between the Russian 186 1 reform and the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
1. This is all under the condition that the national rule is facing a serious crisis.
2. They are all bourgeois reforms promoted by the rulers from top to bottom.
3. After the reform, both countries embarked on the capitalist road, and the reform became a turning point in the historical development of the two countries.
4. The reform is not thorough, and there are a lot of feudal remnants.
5. After the reform, its strength was enhanced and it began to expand abroad.
★/kloc-What are the social problems faced by the United States, Japan and Russia in the middle of the 0/9th century? What are the ways to solve each other?
The main problems faced: the United States-the contradiction between the two economic systems is irreconcilable; The crisis in Japan-Tokugawa era; Russia-the crisis of serfdom.
Solution:
(1) The United States abolished black slavery through the civil war of 186 1- 1865.
(2) Japan established the Meiji government after an armed rebellion, and carried out bourgeois reform in 1868.
(3) Russian Tsar Alexander II carried out bourgeois reform to abolish serfdom in 186 1 year.
10. The first industrial revolution
Time: 19 from the 1970s to the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century.
Starting symbol: 65438+In 1970s, electricity entered the production field as a new energy source.
Features: As a new energy source, electricity has entered the field of production and life. With the widespread use of electricity, mankind has entered the "electrical age" (pay attention to the difference between "steam" of steam and "gas" of electricity)
Theoretical guidance: Faraday electromagnetic induction principle
Achievements:
(1) widespread use of electricity: Edison, the "king of invention" (USA), developed a durable carbon filament light bulb.
(2) The creation of new machines: Karl, the "father of automobiles"? Ben Ci (Germany) designed the internal combustion engine, which led to the emergence of new means of transportation-cars and planes; The invention of telegraph and telephone.
(3) New energy: oil
Impact:
(1) has promoted the development of productive forces.
(2) relations of production: there is monopoly, and capitalist countries pay attention to monopoly capital from liberal capitalism, that is, imperialism is excessive.
(3) the international pattern: the capitalist market finally formed, leading to "the poorer the poor, the richer the rich"; The capitalist system has firmly achieved a dominant position in the world, and the capitalist world system has finally formed; It led to the unbalanced political and economic development of imperialism and eventually led to the outbreak of the First World War.
Emerging industrial sectors: electricity, chemicals, automobiles and aviation.
★ Compare the differences between the two industrial revolutions:
(1) In the first industrial revolution, the influence of science on production was not as remarkable as that in the second industrial revolution, and the inventor of new technology was a genius mechanic rather than a scientist. In the second industrial revolution, scientific discoveries often led directly to technological inventions.
(2) The first industrial revolution focused on light industry, mainly textiles; The second industrial revolution shifted its focus to heavy industries, such as petroleum industry, chemical industry and automobile industry.
(3) The second industrial revolution involves a wider range of fields, including not only energy and power innovation, but also comprehensive innovation in materials, information and power technology.
(4) The center of the first industrial revolution was mainly in Britain, and later it was extended to other European countries; The second industrial revolution was launched in major capitalist countries almost at the same time, and Germany and the United States became the relative centers.
Enlightenment: Science and technology are the primary productive forces.
1 1. World War I
The root cause: the political and economic development of imperialist countries is unbalanced.
Time:1914—1918
Commemorative symbol:1965438+In July 2004, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
The fuse: Sarajevo incident
Main participating countries: Britain, France and Russia (10 withdrew after the revolution)-the tripartite agreement; Germany, Italy (later joined the Allies to fight), Austria-Hungary-triple alliance.
End sign:191811Germany surrendered.
Results: Germany was defeated and the Versailles-Washington system was formed after the war.
Impact:
(1) The war caused great losses and destruction.
(2) The war caused the weakness of Europe and the rise of the United States and Japan, and the world pattern changed.
(3) It created conditions for the socialist revolution and gave birth to Soviet Russia.
(4) It promoted the development of the national liberation movement (China May 4th Movement).
Nature: unjust imperialist predatory war (except Serbia)
-Take it nine times-
Russian October Revolution.
Time:191711.7 (1.00).
Leader: Lenin
Meaning:
(1) The October socialist revolution in Russia was the first successful socialist revolution in human history. The first socialist country in the world was born.
(2) The victory of the October Revolution dealt a heavy blow to imperialist rule, promoted the development of the attention movement of the international community and inspired the liberation struggle of the colonial and semi-colonial people (China).
★ The difference between February Revolution and October Revolution in Russia
Similarities: The leadership forces are basically the same, and they are all led by the Bolen Orthodox West Vic Party.
Different: the object of opposition is different. The February Revolution overthrew the autocratic rule of the czar. The October Revolution overthrew the bourgeois provisional government. The nature of revolution is different. The February Revolution was a bourgeois-democratic revolution and the October Revolution was a socialist revolution. The result is different: although the autocratic rule of the czar was overthrown after the February Revolution, the bourgeois provisional government still pursued the policy of participating in World War I abroad and suppressing the people at home, while the October Revolution established the first socialist country in the world.
13. Stalin model
1. Stalin model was formed when the Soviet Union was surrounded by imperialist defense and the domestic economy and culture were relatively backward. It has played a positive role in a certain historical stage.
2. However, this model also has serious shortcomings:
(1) Give priority to the development of heavy industry, and agriculture and light industry have been in a backward state for a long time;
(2) Under the planned economy system, one-sided emphasis on output value and output leads to less varieties and poor quality of products;
(3) The state has taken too many things from farmers, which has seriously damaged their interests, and farmers have no enthusiasm for production, and agricultural production has been stagnant for a long time;
(4) extensive economic development, low economic benefits, a lot of consumption and waste of resources.
In short, in the long run, it has seriously hindered the further development of the Soviet Union.
14. Versailles-Washington system
How to form:
(1)191In order to conclude a peace treaty, the Allied Group "arranged" the post-war world and held the Paris Peace Conference. 19 19 In June, the Allies signed the Treaty of Versailles with Germany. From 19 19 to 1920, the allies also signed a series of peace treaties with Germany's allies Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. Together with the Treaty of Versailles, these peace treaties constitute the Versailles system and establish a new order for imperialism to rule Europe, West Asia and Africa.
(2) Although the Paris Peace Conference temporarily adjusted the relations between western imperialist countries, their contradictions in East Asia and the Pacific are still very sharp, especially between Japan and the United States. At the initiative of the United States, representatives of the United States, Britain and France held a meeting in Washington. Signed the nine-nation convention on China. The Washington Conference is a continuation of the Paris Peace Conference, which established a new imperialist ruling order in East Asia and the Pacific. Through these two international conferences, the imperialist powers established the Versailles-Washington system. Evaluation: The Washington Conference is a continuation of the Paris Peace Conference, which established a new imperialist ruling order in East Asia and the Pacific. Through these two international conferences, the imperialist powers established the Versailles-Washington system. However, this system cannot eliminate contradictions between imperialist countries, so it cannot be maintained for a long time.
15. Economic Crisis and the Development of Roosevelt's New Deal and Fascism
Features: wide coverage; The duration is relatively long; Especially destructive.
Performance: it affects the whole capitalist world and causes crises in the fields of industry, agriculture, commerce and finance; 1929 to 1933 five years; Compared with 1929 in 1933, the industrial production of the whole capitalist world has decreased by more than 1/3, and the total trade volume of the capitalist world has decreased by 2/3.
Impact:
(1) During the economic crisis, people suffered greatly. Throughout the capitalist world, a large number of workers are unemployed, and the working people are hungry, cold and displaced.
(2) Monopoly capitalists prefer to destroy a large number of products in order to maintain prices and profits, and their production is seriously damaged.
(3) Serious economic crisis leads to political crisis, with sharp social contradictions and political turmoil in capitalist countries.
★ Roosevelt's New Deal
Time: 1933
Objective: To adjust within the capitalist system and strengthen the state's intervention and guidance in the economy, so as to eliminate the economic crisis.
Measures: The central measure of the New Deal is industrial adjustment. According to the National Industrial Revival Law, all industrial enterprises formulate fair management rules for their own industries, determine their production scale, price level, market distribution, wage standards and working days, and prevent blind competition from causing overproduction, thus strengthening the government's control and regulation of capitalist industrial production.
Impact:
The New Deal has achieved remarkable results.
(1) The American economy is slowly recovering and people's lives are improving.
(2) The capitalist system has been adjusted, consolidated and developed.
(3) The macro-control and management of capitalist countries have been strengthened.
(4) The rights of the US federal government have been significantly enhanced.
② The New Deal is of great significance in the history of capitalist development in the United States and the world.
★ The development of German fascism
(1) The Nazi Party used "parliamentary arson" to attack Germany, arresting and persecuting a large number of people and progressives.
(2) Dissolve all trade unions and ban all political parties except the Nazi Party.
(3) Strengthen the dictatorship machine and suppress and persecute revolutionaries and anti-fascist fighters.
(4) Strengthen ideological control and burn a large number of progressive books.
(5) The German fascist regime also set off a wave of persecution of Jews.
(6) frantically expanding the army to prepare for war.
The Second World War
Time: 1939 September1-1945 September 2nd.
Scope: More than 30 countries around the world
Commencement mark: 1 939 September1day, the Germans launched a surprise attack on Poland.
★ Munich crisis
Content: It is stipulated that Czechoslovakia Sudetenland and other places are ceded to Germany, and the Czech side must withdraw from the above territories within ten days.
Impact: The fascist countries are pushing their luck, their aggressive ambitions are increasing day by day, and the anti-fascist forces are greatly weakened.
★ appeasement policy
Meaning: In 1930s, German, Japanese and Italian fascists continued their aggressive activities all over the world, which harmed the interests of western powers to some extent. Western powers are dissatisfied with the aggression of fascist countries, but they are afraid of the war blackmail of fascist countries. They want to lead the disaster to the east and the German aggression to the Soviet Union. Therefore, they did not impose severe sanctions on fascist aggression, but hoped to appease the aggressors at the expense of the interests of weak countries. People call this policy appeasement, and the Munich crisis thinks appeasement is the peak.
Influence: The appeasement policy has a very bad influence, which makes fascist countries push their luck, expand their aggressive ambitions and greatly weaken the anti-fascist forces.
★ The beginning and expansion of World War II
(1)1September, 9391day, the Germans launched a sudden attack on Poland, and World War II broke out in an all-round way.
(2) 1940 In April and May, the Germans launched a large-scale attack on Western Europe, and soon occupied many countries in Western Europe and Northern Europe, including France, and Britain was also heavily bombed by German planes.
(3)1941June, the German army turned eastward and launched a war of aggression against the Soviet Union.
(4)19411On February 7, the Japanese army raided Pearl Harbor, the US Pacific military base, and the US Pacific fleet was seriously damaged. The next day, the United States declared war on Japan. The scale of World War II further expanded, and most regions and populations in the world were involved in an unprecedented catastrophe in human history.
★ The turning point of World War II
(1)1July, 942-1February, 943, the battle of Stalingrad in Russia defeated the German Blitzkrieg. Anti-fascist countries turned from defense to attack.
(2) 1942 midway battle changed the shape of the Pacific battlefield.
(3) 1942, British and American troops defeated Alaman and German and Italian troops in North Africa. Soon, Italy surrendered
(4)1On June 6, 944, Normandy landed and opened up the second battlefield.
(5)1On May 2, 945, the defenders in Berlin surrendered and the European War of World War II ended.
The influence of the Second World War:
(1) The Second World War was an unprecedented catastrophe in human history. Tens of millions of people were killed and countless properties were destroyed.
(2) The Second World War also completely changed the social outlook and affected the development process of world history.
(3) It has cracked down on fascist forces and safeguarded democracy.
Nature: Just War in Anti-Fascist Countries
17. The development of American economy (you don't have to memorize it all, just do multiple-choice questions)
(1) the post-war boom (1950s and 1960s) (also known as the golden age).
Reason:
(1) After World War II, the United States is the richest country in the world, occupying a vast international market.
(2) Vigorously develop science and technology education and develop emerging industries and military industries.
(3) The government has also taken measures to improve people's lives and create a more favorable development environment.
Performance: The American economy continues to develop, and the western and southern regions are developing rapidly, showing a prosperous scene.
② Economic crisis and economic adjustment (1970s-1980s)
Reasons for the decline of economic status in 1970s;
(1) Oil-producing countries in the Middle East sharply raised oil prices, which triggered an economic crisis and was affected by the economic crisis in the capitalist world.
(2) The rapid development of Western Europe and Japan has impacted the position of American economic hegemon.
The performance of economic crisis in 1970s;
(1) After the 1970s, economic development slowed down.
(2) 1973, the dollar-centered monetary system in the capitalist world disintegrated.
(3) After1975, the American economy entered a stagflation stage (slow economic development, but inflation).
The reasons for the economic improvement (but the burden increased) in the 1980s;
(1) The US government adjusted its economic policy.
inflation
(3) The debt burden is heavy (influenced by the hegemony of the United States and the Soviet Union)
Performance of economic improvement in the 1980s: After the mid-1980s, the American economy gradually improved, but its debt burden increased, making it the largest indebted country in the world.
(3) The emergence of the new American economy (1990s)
Reason:
The American government has carried out social and economic reforms.
(2) Strengthen the development of education and science and technology.
(3) It has promoted the development of high-tech represented by the information industry.
Performance:
(1) Economic growth has accelerated.
The inflation rate has dropped.
(3) Low unemployment rate
(4) The fiscal deficit is decreasing year by year, and there is a surplus. The main features are: informatization and globalization agree with 3 1| comment (1) 2012-4-1515: 35. The flood map is stupid | level 1.
20 1 1 History review materials for senior high school entrance examination (confidential)
period
Yan Huang Yao Shun Xia Shang Zhou, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period;
Qin, Han and Jin dynasties were unified, and the southern dynasties and the northern dynasties were rivals;
Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing emperors rested.
History of China Volume I
=-=, as the experience of the history exam in 2009: It turned out that this exam was so good to communicate with my deskmate ~ ~ ~
I. Ancient residents of China
1. The earliest known human in China was Yuanmou, about 1.7 million years ago.
2. Beijingers lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, and they first used natural fire.
China is the first country to grow rice and millet in the world. More than 6,000 years ago, Hemudu people living in the Yangtze River valley had planted rice, and Banpo people living in the Yellow River valley had planted the earliest millet and vegetables in the world more than 5,000 years ago.
Ii. Slavery in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties
1 About 2 1 century BC, China's first slavery dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, was established. This shows that the hereditary system of the throne has replaced the abdication system (the method of electing the leader of the tribal alliance is called abdication system).
2. The Shang Dynasty was founded in the Tang Dynasty in about16th century BC. In Shang Dynasty, Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin and stabilized the rule.
The Si Mu Wu Ding in Shang Dynasty is the largest bronze ware found in the world. (Remember the familiar picture of Muswuding in P 12) The Four Sheep Fang Zun unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan Province is a beautiful bronze ware.
4. Around 1 1 century BC, Zhou Wuwang sent troops to destroy the business and established the Western Zhou Dynasty.
5. The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, and the enfeoffment system began to collapse in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States period, the enfeoffment system was gradually replaced by the county system. The Qin dynasty practiced centralized system. There were three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty. Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province were the highest ruling institutions of the central government in the Tang Dynasty. Central and local institutions in the Yuan Dynasty: the central government implemented a one-province system: in the Yuan Dynasty, the three provinces were abolished, and the central secretariat province was established as the highest administrative institution, while the Privy Council was the highest military institution. At the same time, the Zheng Xuan Academy was established to take charge of religious affairs and manage Tibet; Provincial system is implemented in local areas: except Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, which are directly managed by Zhongshu Province, there is a provincial system called Zhongshu Province.
Third, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (Eastern Zhou Dynasty)
The Spring and Autumn Period is the disintegration period of slave society, and the Warring States Period is the formation period of feudal society.
1. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Spring and Autumn Period began in 770 BC and ended in 476 BC. The warring States period was from 475 BC to 22 BC1year.
2. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the first warlord was Qi Huangong of Qi. He appointed Guan Zhong as Prime Minister, reformed internal affairs and made the country stronger and stronger. The last overlord was Gou Jian, the King of Yue. The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period refer to Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue.
3. During the Warring States Period, the main vassal states were Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han, which were called "Seven Heroes of the Warring States" in history (the status of the main vassal states-Northern Yan and Southern Chu, Western Qin and Eastern Qi, Upper, Middle and Lower Zhao, Wei and Han). Zhao, Wei and Han were separated from the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Qin became the most powerful country among the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, mainly because of Shang Yang's political reform. During the Warring States period, the westernmost vassal was Qin.