Prosperous sui dynasty

1. Unification of Sui Dynasty: 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi, the consort of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, seized power, established the Sui Dynasty, made Chang 'an its capital, and proclaimed the emperor. In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south. In 6 18, Yang Di was killed in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished. It ended the situation of division and confrontation for more than 270 years since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, created the situation of "great unification" for more than 320 years in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and laid the foundation for the prosperity and development of economy and culture.

Second, the rule of opening the emperor: during the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, he vigorously developed production and advocated frugality. National unity, social stability, rapid population growth, expansion of cultivated land and abundant granaries. History is called "the rule of opening the emperor."

Third, the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty: "There are fishermen in Zhuojun County in the north and Du Zhi in the south, which is beneficial!"

The Grand Canal dug during the reign of Yang Di in Sui Dynasty was the most important contribution of Sui Dynasty to later generations.

1. Objective: To strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.

2. Excavation time: 605-6 10 year.

3. The Grand Canal is centered on Luoyang, with Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south; Excavate Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan, connecting Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. (via Yangzhou, Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou, Jiangsu)

4. Function: Its opening has greatly promoted economic exchanges between North and South.

5. Status: It is the longest canal in the ancient world.

Evaluation of the excavation of the Grand Canal: The Grand Canal has not only become a political, economic and cultural link between the North and the South, but also a hub for communicating the "Silk Road" in the inland of Asia and the "Silk Road" at sea. At the same time, the navigation of the canal also promoted the development of towns and industries in coastal areas. However, Yang Di abused people's power, which also caused people's suffering. Generally speaking, digging the Grand Canal is a great contribution of the Sui Dynasty to the history of China.

Lesson 2 The Rule of Chastity

1. Establishment of the Tang Dynasty: Li Yuan set out from Taiyuan and captured Chang 'an in 6 18 to establish the Tang Dynasty.

Second, the rule of Zhenguan:

Character: Emperor Taizong's measures: pay attention to summing up historical experience and lessons, and attach importance to folk power; Pay attention to the development of production and reduce the burden on the people; Advocating frugality; Appoint talents (Du Ruhui's advice) and coachable (Wei Zhi) with an open mind.

Performance: Political clarity, rapid economic development, a scene of prosperity, and gradually strong national strength. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity".

The emergence of "Zhenguan rule" is because:

(1) Politically, Emperor Taizong learned the lessons of the demise of the Sui Dynasty, was good at employing people and being good at coachable, and inherited and developed the three provinces and six departments system of the Sui Dynasty; (2) Culturally, develop imperial examinations and attach importance to education; (3) Economically, develop production in a frivolous and generous way.

"The boat is better than a gentleman, and the water is better than Li Shu. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. " "People can dress up their clothes with copper as a mirror; Take people as a mirror and you can know the gains and losses. "

Wu Zetian: The only female emperor in the history of China, who proclaimed herself emperor in her later years and changed her name to Zhou. Wu Zetian attached importance to developing agricultural production and promoting talents. Guo Moruo said that his rule was "to open up a new era with politics and to rule the macro festival."

Lesson 3 "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng"

First, "The Rule of Kaiyuan": Tang Xuanzong

Measures: ① Appoint talents (Yao Chong); (2) attaching importance to local bureaucracy; ③ Pay attention to thrift.

Performance: In the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (the Kaiyuan period), the politics was clear, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the warehouses were full, and the population increased obviously. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" or "the reign of Kaiyuan" in history.

Second, the economy of the Tang Dynasty

1. Agriculture: ① Construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. ② Improvement of farming techniques: Rice seedlings are generally transplanted. ③ Development of tea production: The world's first tea monograph, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and its author Lu Yu was called "Tea God" by later generations. Tea drinking began in Sheng Xing in the Tang Dynasty. ④ Improvement of production tools: A new agricultural tool, Qu Yuan Plow, appeared; Create a new irrigation tool-pipe truck.

2. Handicraft industry: ① Silk weaving industry: there are many varieties of colors and superb technology. (2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai (world craft treasures).

Business prosperity: ① Famous metropolises: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu. ② Chang 'an City: The city is divided into Fang and Shi, Fang is a residential area and Shi is a bustling commercial area. Chang 'an, Tang Dou is the center of ethnic exchanges and an international metropolis.

The fourth lesson is the establishment of the imperial examination system

First, the establishment of the imperial examination system: it was established in Sui Dynasty and perfected in Tang Dynasty.

"Heroes of the world, enter my trap." "Emperor Taizong is really a long-term strategy, earning enough influence and becoming a white head." "Although the gentry is a very important person, it is not good to be a scholar."

Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to choose officials by means of subject examination, emphasizing talent as the standard of selecting officials.

Second, Yang Di officially established the Jinshi branch, and the imperial examination system was formally born.

Third, the perfection of the imperial examination system: the main permanent subjects in the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty were Ming Jing and Jinshi. Tang Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong are key figures in improving the imperial examination system. Emperor Taizong expanded the scale of Chinese studies; Wu Zetian initiated the palace entrance examination and martial arts; Tang Xuanzong took poetry and fu as the examination contents. Fourth, development: the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties was changed into an eight-part essay examination, which was largely staged as a tool for the court to muzzle the people's thoughts. The stereotyped writing of candidates is completely divorced from real life, which can not cultivate people's practical ability, which makes the imperial examination bind people's thoughts and talents.

Fifth, the end: the last year of the Qing Dynasty. 1905, Zhang Zhidong demanded to stop the imperial examination, and the Qing government drafted the school charter.

Role: 1. The imperial examination system improved the employment system and gave talented scholars the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels. 2. The imperial examination system promoted the development of education, and the atmosphere of scholars studying hard prevailed. 3. The imperial examination system has also promoted the development of literature and art, especially the examination of poetry and fu, which is of great benefit to the prosperity of Tang poetry. 4. The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1,300 years in China feudal society, and it was not abolished until the end of Qing Dynasty.

Lesson 5 "Family Harmony"

In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Wu Zetian successively set up the highest administrative and military institutions to govern the western regions in Xinjiang today-the viceroy of Anxi and the viceroy of Beiting.

Handling of Ethnic Relations in Tang Dynasty

1, Tibetan, Uygur, Yi, Bai

2. Ancestor Tufan Uygur (stork) Liu Zhao residents.

3. Leader Sonzan Gambuzan

Kridê Zukzain Zanpu Huairenhan Bohai County King Dian Wang

4. Living area: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xinjiang, Gansu, Songhua River in the northeast of Selenger River Basin, Erhai Lake in Cangshan, Yunnan, and Heilongjiang.

5. It means that Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu; At the beginning of the 8th century, Princess Jincheng married, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named his leader as "Huairen Khan", and the two sides had friendly relations and prosperous economy and commerce.

Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named his leader as "King of the Bohai Sea County", with an expanding area, increasing population, frequent trade with the mainland, and improved economic and cultural level, so he was known as a rich country in Haidong.

Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named the leader "King of Yunnan" and was unified with the support of the Tang Dynasty.

Lesson 6 Friendly Exchange with Foreign Countries

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, foreign exchanges were active, and there were contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world, and people all over the world called China a "Tang man".

First, the relationship between Tang and Japan-Tang sent envoys and traveled to the east.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China and Japan had close contacts. During the Zhenguan period, many Japanese envoys, overseas students and monks came to study in the Tang Dynasty.

2. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty were highly valued after returning to China. Taking the system of the Tang Dynasty as a model, they carried out political reforms and created Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters. Up to now, they still retain some customs of the people of the Tang Dynasty in social life.

Among the envoys and monks who went to Japan in Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen was the most influential one. He sent six missions to Japan to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty in Japan.

Second, the relationship between Tang and Silla

1, mode: ① sending envoys and a large number of international students to study in the Tang Dynasty; Silla merchants came to China to do business, and Silla products ranked first in the Tang Dynasty.

2. The performance is as follows: imitating the Tang system to establish a political system, adopting the imperial examination system to select officials, and introducing China's scientific and technological achievements in medicine, astronomy and calendar calculation.

Third, the relationship between Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu-Xuanzang's Journey to the West

During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. In the early years of Zhenguan, he set off from Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu. After returning to China, he devoted himself to translating Buddhist scriptures and wrote the famous "Datang Western Regions". This book is an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.

Comparison among Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong and Wu Zetian

Fourth, Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Emperor Xuanzong.

1, the ruling style is diligent, attaches importance to the development of production, reduces farmers' taxes and corvees, reuses talents, and is self-effacing. Continue to implement the national policy of Emperor Taizong to develop agricultural production and select talents, appoint Yao Chong who is familiar with bureaucrats and full of reform spirit, attach importance to local bureaucrats, let outstanding central officials take up local posts, burn pearls and jade, advocate thrift and develop agricultural production.

2. The rule of Zhenguan, that is, the well-known Zhenguan began in Kaiyuan, and the macro Zhenguan began in Kaiyuan.

3. The imperial examination system expanded the scale of Chinese studies and increased the number of students. Advocating imperial examinations and martial arts, poetry and prose fu became the main content of Jinshi.

4, foreign exchanges, Xuanzang traveled to Du Dong, Jian Zhen.

5. Ethnic relations ① Marry Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambo ② Seal the Uighur leader as Huairen Khan ③ Seal Mohong as the King of Bohai County ④ Seal the Nanzhao leader as the King of Yunnan.

6. Appointing Party, Du Ruhui and Yao Chong.

7. Water can carry a boat and overturn it. Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. Heroes of the world, enter my trap. China has been valued since ancient times, and I love it as always.

8. Others are regarded as "Tiankhan" by the leaders of the north and the western regions. The song and dance "Qin Wang Broken Array Music" participated in the arrangement of "Dress Dance"

Lesson 7 and Lesson 8 Brilliant Sui and Tang Cultures

Four great inventions of ancient china: Papermaking, printing, gunpowder and compass. Printing and gunpowder were invented in the Tang Dynasty.

First of all, the invention of block printing

1, in Sui and Tang Dynasties, woodblock printing was invented. A kind of printed matter-printed paper, which is used as transaction voucher, has appeared in the market. Chengdu and Luoyang are famous printing centers.

Diamond Sutra in 2.868

The earliest printed matter with exact date in existence in the world. It is nearly 600 years earlier than Europe (1423).

Second, gunpowder.

1, invented by an ancient alchemist when refining Dan medicine. Sun Simiao recorded the formula of gunpowder for the first time in his book Single Crystal.

2. At the end of Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in military affairs. The original gunpowder weapon was called "rocket", also called "Fei Huo".

Third, superb architectural level.

Zhao Zhouqiao 1 (Anji Bridge)

Designer: Li Chun and Zhao Zhouqiao in Sui Dynasty are the oldest stone arch bridges in the world. The design of Zhao Zhouqiao initiated the construction of flat arch bridge in the world. More than 700 years before Europe.

Fourth, the eternal glory of poetry

The characteristics of the poet's representative works

Li Bai's "Early Making Baidicheng" and "Difficult Road to Shu" are bold and imaginative. Immortal poet

Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" reflect the social reality. Poet saint

1, most emperors in the Tang Dynasty loved poetry, and the Jinshi exam also took poetry as an important content, which was conducive to the prosperity of Tang poetry.

2. Du Fu personally experienced the changes from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and linked his personal experience with the fate of the country and people.

3. Bai Juyi said that Li Bai and Du Fu's poems were "passed down through the ages, claiming to move four foreigners". Han Yu said: "Du Li's article is there, and the flames are getting longer." .

Verb (abbreviation of verb) sculpture art

Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes excavated in Sui and Tang Dynasties are mainly Buddhist stories, which is one of the largest art treasures in the world. 1, Grottoes Art: Datong, Shanxi-Yungang Grottoes; Luoyang, Henan-Longmen Grottoes; Dunhuang-Mogao Grottoes in Gansu Province

2. The images of Dunhuang murals are vivid, especially the "flying" pattern, which was praised as "flying in the sky and the wall is full of wind" in the Tang Dynasty and became the symbol of Dunhuang murals.

The intransitive verb, Song and Dance: The famous songs and dances include Song of the King of Qin, which praised Tang Taizong, and Colorful Clothes, which was co-edited by Tang Xuanzong.