How to answer the subjective questions of comprehensive history of liberal arts: The so-called subjective questions of history refer to questions that must be expressed in words except multiple-choice questions, including material questions and question-and-answer questions. It is a common question type in the college entrance examination, which affects and restricts the total score of candidates. How to answer the subjective questions of history? Based on many years of teaching practice and the experience of participating in the comprehensive evaluation of the college entrance examination in recent three years, I want to talk about three points. First of all, we must accurately grasp the scoring standard of college entrance examination questions. The most effective way is to study the examination papers and grading standards of the college entrance examination in recent three years or even since the comprehensive literature, and find out the common characteristics of the answers to the college entrance examination questions. The main problem with the historical answer is: 1. The language is not concise and cannot be answered in standard subject language; 2. Too much knowledge and insufficient flexibility. This actually shows that candidates can't meet the examination standards. The following is an example of question 38 of the 200 1 college entrance examination. Q: How did the scientific and technological revolution at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century push the world into a whole? A: The second scientific and technological revolution promoted the great economic development, and capitalism expanded with the global market. The world territory is divided; Inventions of internal combustion engines and new means of transportation, as well as new means of communication. The time limit of this question is very clear, that is, from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, the central word is that the scientific and technological revolution promotes the whole world, and the answer is "how to promote it". Give a clear answer to the second scientific and technological revolution through time limit. As long as we understand this, we can further answer that it has promoted the rapid development of capitalist economy. After the development of capitalist economy, the market can not meet the development requirements of various countries, and it is inevitable to compete for the world market. Therefore, the expansion of the great powers with global goals objectively promoted the rapid development of capitalist economy and finally formed a capitalist colonial system. Looking back on the second scientific and technological revolution, there are three main aspects: first, the discovery and application of new energy represented by electricity; Second, the creation of new machines and products represented by internal combustion engines; The third is the new invention of providing information over a long distance, that is, the development of communication, and it is the second and third contents that can make the world form a whole (that is, strengthen contact). Therefore, the reference answers of college entrance examination questions have the characteristics of hierarchy, essentials and standardization. Secondly, pay attention to the training of historical subjective questions in daily study. How to answer the question itself involves the ability of the candidates. The ability to answer questions is not innate, and it must be gradually improved through repeated training until it reaches the examination standard. It takes a long time, and it can't be done overnight, and once it is owned, it won't be easily lost. In the history curriculum standard formulated by the Ministry of Education in 2003, the goal of the new curriculum is: "In the process of mastering basic historical knowledge, further improve the ability to read and obtain historical information through various channels;" Through cognitive activities such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction and generalization of historical facts, we can cultivate historical thinking and problem-solving ability. "In daily study, on the one hand, we should pay attention to the mastery of basic knowledge, on the other hand, we should understand the internal relationship between knowledge and improve the plane knowledge structure to a three-dimensional structure. Teachers should consciously arrange some material questions and questions in their daily teaching. Students should try their best to do the following three things in practice: First, the exercises assigned by the teacher must be completed independently, carefully examined, and the key words in the exercises should be found out and taken seriously, and they should not be perfunctory. The second is to pay attention to teachers' correction and evaluation. In this process, find out your own shortcomings and correct them. When commenting on exercises, teachers will not only pay attention to students' common problems, but also teach them how to examine questions and how to answer them. When the teacher comments on exercises, students should carefully understand the teacher's thinking and learn to think. Especially for the problems not mentioned by the teacher, we should speak boldly according to our actual situation and ask the teacher to analyze and correct them. The third is to summarize and reflect. After practicing and commenting on some subjective questions, the teacher will make or give a ready-made answer. For the reference answer, read more and think more, learn its thinking, learn its grasp of the main points, and compare it with your own answer. We should not only carry forward our advantages and enhance our confidence, but also face up to the problems existing in practice and improve our thinking to avoid similar problems in the next practice. Third, attach importance to the mastery and accumulation of major historical knowledge and historical concepts. In recent years, the proposition of history discipline has always adhered to the proposition idea of "taking the main knowledge of the discipline as the carrier and ability as the main line, examining students' analysis of the ins and outs of historical development, comparing and identifying the stage characteristics of historical development, and revealing the laws of historical development". The main knowledge mentioned here is the main concepts and the characteristic knowledge of the main stages in our historical study. Learning history is a deepening process from understanding historical facts, forming historical concepts and conceptual systems, and then developing into theoretical concepts. The formation of historical concepts is particularly important for historical learning. The new curriculum standard also mentioned in the goal, "further understand the major historical issues in the process of historical development, including important historical figures, historical events, historical phenomena and the basic context of historical development." "Therefore, understanding and mastering the knowledge points required by the syllabus, especially the stage characteristics, is the premise of doing a good job in historical subjective questions. How to answer the subjective questions of liberal arts comprehensive politics has always been a difficult problem for candidates. By analyzing the subjective questions of political science in recent years, we will find that: (1) in terms of material selection, there were fewer questions in the past few paragraphs of materials and tables, and they were replaced by one that integrated a variety of information; (2) On the question type, the question type of "What phenomenon does the material show" is reduced, while the question types of "analysis", "explanation" and "how to" are increased, and the requirements for candidates' thinking ability are improved. In the face of this new situation, how to ensure the high score of political subjective questions in the college entrance examination? Below, the author takes a classic college entrance examination as an example to talk about his views on the methods and skills of solving subjective problems in political science for your reference. Fan Zhongyan sighed in Yueyang Tower: "The remaining Baling is beautiful. In Dongting Lake, there are distant mountains, swallowing the Yangtze River, the soup is vast, the horizon is endless, sunny and cloudy, and the weather is myriad." Dongting Lake covers an area of over 6,000 square kilometers in history. But over the years, due to one-sided emphasis on food production, large-scale reclamation of Dongting Lake area, a large number of sediment deposition, Dongting Lake area has been shrinking. In recent years, the area has been gradually returning farmland to lakes, especially since 1998, the government has invested 7 billion yuan in comprehensive management, the area of Dongting Lake has been expanded by15, and the ecological environment of the lake area has been improved. In addition to traditional farming, aquaculture and processing industries have also been developed, and the income of residents in the lake area has increased significantly. (1) What changes have taken place in the economy of Dongting Lake area? (2) In the above changes, how does the government perform its economic management functions? (3) What philosophical enlightenment does the change from reclaiming farmland from lake to returning farmland to lake give us? Answer: (1)① The agricultural management mode of people in Dongting Lake area has undergone important changes, that is, from single management in the past to diversified management now; (2) The government should increase investment, improve the local economic development environment, and coordinate economic growth with the ecological environment; ③ The residents in the lake area have increased their income through diversification. (2)① Overall planning and policy adjustment; ② Direct investment and economic adjustment; ③ Promote economic development and improve people's lives. (3) From the changes of Dongting Lake, we can realize that: ① economic development must be coordinated with environmental protection; ② Human's understanding of the laws of nature is a deepening process; (3) We should act according to the objective laws, and we will be punished if we violate the objective laws. 1. Grasping materials and accurately capturing information, learning to analyze and study materials, accurately capturing material information and cultivating strong insight are the basis for answering subjective questions. First of all, make clear the theme of the material, that is, what the material is about. Second, list the specific content, that is, list all the information in the material. Third, the idea of refining materials, that is, how to raise the information of materials to a rational level (theories, viewpoints and methods of political science). Some people say that it is to "translate" the meaning of each layer in the material into political terms. The theme of the above topics is the historical changes and recent development of Dongting Lake. The specific contents include: (1) Fan Zhongyan's chant in Yueyang Tower; (2) Due to the one-sided emphasis on food production in history, large-scale reclamation of lakes and a large amount of sediment deposition, the area of Dongting Lake has been shrinking. (3) The government's policies, actions and results in recent years to eradicate the flooding in Dongting Lake are emphasized: returning farmland to the lake, government investment, comprehensive management, the expansion of Dongting Lake area, the improvement of the ecological environment in the lake area, the development of aquaculture and processing industry outside the traditional planting industry, and the obvious increase in the income of residents in the lake area. The test questions reflect the comprehensive proposition idea from the scene setting; From the perspective of political science, it mainly embodies the idea of sustainable development, respects objective laws, correctly handles the relationship between man and nature, and the economic function of the country. Second, clarify the meaning of the question and determine the direction of the answer, that is, the intention of the proposer, which is reflected by the combination of the set situation and clever questions. Therefore, we must infer the person's intention from the situational materials and questions to determine the direction of answering questions. Only in this way can we answer questions in a targeted manner. First, exclude information that has nothing to do with ideas, that is, information that has nothing to do with answers. For example, the words in Yueyang Tower and the geographical location of Dongting Lake are irrelevant information. Second, extract effective information according to the train of thought, that is, information closely related to the answer. Capturing effective information is the key link for candidates to answer questions accurately. In order to accurately extract effective information from the test materials, we must think carefully and carefully examine the questions. Generally speaking, candidates should read the examination materials at least twice according to the requirements of the questions: the first time is through reading, with the purpose of grasping the center and theme of the materials, and the second time is research (detailed) reading, word by word analysis, to clarify which levels the materials contain and what the meaning of each level is. In addition, the material information should be selectively merged and compared, that is, pieces of information should be merged together in a new way, and the obtained new information should be compared with the existing information in the past (analogy), so that the original seemingly independent information can be merged into an organic whole. If you read the above materials, you can get the following information: according to the situation of land reclamation, sediment deposition and area reduction of Dongting Lake, the comprehensive management and direct investment of returning farmland to lake implemented by the government have expanded the area and improved the ecological environment; Farmers in the lake area-develop aquaculture and processing industry, carry out diversified operations, and increase residents' income; Overall thinking-improve and protect the environment, and act according to objective laws. Third, clear your mind and reflect on the current college entrance examination questions. Generally speaking, the amount of reading has been greatly reduced, while the amount of thinking has been greatly increased. Therefore, when answering subjective questions, candidates must have a scientific thinking process of "analysis-synthesis-re-analysis-re-synthesis", a process of solving problems by using the basic knowledge and thinking methods they have learned, and a process of rigorous logic and careful reasoning. Strict logic comes from: a correct understanding of the basic knowledge of teaching materials; Scientific analysis of test materials; Accurately grasp the questions set in the test questions; The organic combination of theory and practice. Among them, the most important thing is to accurately grasp the requirements of the question. To grasp the problem, we must first find out which subject (economics, philosophy or political science) the problem requires. Secondly, it is a theoretical "weapon" to accurately write out the knowledge points involved in the questions. Third, examine the conditions given by the problem. Questions such as "change" and "transformation" are very important conditions for answering questions. Recording the above logical thinking process will form the idea of answering questions. A good way to answer questions should generally include: (1) material analysis and two-way comparison of textbook knowledge. For example, "the transformation from reclaiming farmland from lakes to returning farmland to lakes"-respecting laws and deepening understanding. (2) The refinement of textbook knowledge and the expansion of logical thinking. Such as: overall planning-policy adjustment, direct investment-economic adjustment. Avoid "two skins" of materials and knowledge. Fourth, accurate expression, proper use of key words Political answers are different from argumentative papers in artificial texts, but the application of economic, philosophical and political common sense, which is used to solve practical problems and is very professional. Therefore, the political answer can not be separated from the proper use of political terms. Political terms mainly include: the expression language of basic viewpoints, theories and methods in teaching materials; Life-oriented teaching material language; Modern language. To use political terms properly, we should use political terms close to the meaning of the topic; It is necessary to comprehensively summarize and form the main points; The language of the answer should be accurately expressed. First, we should accurately express the language of teaching materials. For example, the "fundamental" in "the people's congress system is China's fundamental political system" cannot be written as "basic", otherwise it is a wrong expression. Second, we should use the language of current politics accurately. For example, "building a well-off society in an all-round way" cannot be written as "building a well-off society in an all-round way" Third, we should accurately summarize the material language. For example, "there has been an important change in the mode of agricultural operation" and "the residents in the lake area have increased their income through diversified operations". In short, the general requirements for answering political subjective questions are: "Read through the materials to grasp the theme, study and determine the direction, read the materials carefully at different levels, and distinguish between induction and deduction; According to the principle of asking questions, align the two pieces of information, list the outlines and compare them, and answer the text carefully. "The first four sentences are the requirements of the exam, and the last four sentences are the basic procedures for answering questions.