The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is essentially a continuation of the separatist regime in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, which existed as early as the end of the Tang Dynasty and still existed after the death of the Tang Dynasty, and the separatist regime was more intense and lasted for decades. The regimes of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries were basically short-lived, because powerful generals often launched mutinies to seize power, such as Li Siyuan, Li Congke, Shi Jingtang and Guo Wei, all of whom came to power by mutiny. In addition, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was a period of war. Because there is no stable Central Plains dynasty that overthrew the ten countries, there are endless struggles between separatist regimes, and the martial arts of rulers are greater than civil affairs. The founding kings of the five dynasties were all former buffer regions, which were developed by military separatism. Therefore, the historical characteristics of this period are frequent wars and frequent regime changes. Most of the founding kings of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms came from the lower class, which is also a noteworthy feature of this period.
manufacture
Although the melee between countries seriously damaged the social economy, social production did not stop. Even in North China, during the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China and the reign of Ming Zong in the later Tang Dynasty, some measures were taken to resume production. In the last week, handicrafts such as textile, paper making, tea making, drying and salt also developed.
The achievements of porcelain manufacturing industry and engraving printing industry are particularly outstanding. There are exquisite secret porcelain in the north and south, and block printing has also appeared.
foreign trade
Due to numerous countries and years of war, trade and commerce have been seriously affected. For example, the law of Shu stipulates that "imported goods are not allowed to go out of the east", and the following week stipulates that salt vendors are not allowed to cross the Zhanghe River. However, trade and exchange of needed commodities are the general trend. Tea needed in North China is often trafficked from the south by merchants, and the destination of tea merchants in the south is as far away as Henan and Hebei. They sell tea and buy back horses and chariots. Part of the salt that Jiangnan people need also depends on North China. Northern countries buy horses from Khitan, Uighur and Tangut, and from western ethnic minorities. Wuyue, Nantang, Chu, Nanhan and other countries in the south traded with the north through tributes. The trade between wuyue and Fujian and the North is mainly by sea.
Foreign trade is also very prosperous, with commercial exchanges between South Korea and Japan in the east, big food in the west, and Zhancheng and Sanfoqi in the south. Mingzhou, Fuzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou are all important foreign trade ports. Wuyue, Wu and Nantang imported "Huohuo Oil" from overseas, and then exported it to Qidan from the sea.
tax
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, tax collection was still relatively heavy. At that time, there were still two tax laws, one for summer and one for autumn. The state often inspects farmers' cultivated land to determine the annual rent. But officials and landlords often collude with each other, so that the tax burden between the rich and the poor is uneven. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, there are various extra charges. The later Tang government stipulated that the consumption was one liter per barrel in the tax valley, and it was increased to two liters in the later Han dynasty, which was two liters per barrel. Some officials collect more money and export less. As a result, people have to pay eight barrels of food for every stone they throw. Sometimes the country even "pre-borrowed" summer and autumn taxes from farmers, and some government officials sent envoys to search the valley of the people everywhere in the years of famine and locust plague, forcing hundreds of thousands of people to starve to death and exile countless people.
In addition to these two kinds of taxes, there are also taxes levied by the people, such as withholding money, koji salt money apportioned per mu, farm tools money, cowhide tax, salt and iron tax, tea tax, house tax, shoe money and other miscellaneous taxes. State and county officials often pay more attention to taxes. County officials collect more from Xu Li, and Xu Li re-taxes the people, with various names and repeated tax increases. With the development of commerce and trade, many countries levy business tax, which is divided into over-payment tax and residence tax. This method was used in the Northern Song Dynasty.
military service
Due to frequent wars, the burden of military service is heavy. Liu Rengong recruited1men over 5 years old and under 70 years old to join the army in Youyan, totaling 200,000. It is stipulated in the Northern Han Dynasty that all men over the age of 17 should be recruited as soldiers. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, everyone was forced to join the army except the old and the weak. At the beginning of Qian Dynasty, the people of Wu and Yue took "Ding Min" as a soldier. Maxie, Hunan transferred all Ding Zhuang from Langzhou to be a country soldier. In the late period of Fujian, the people were sent to serve as soldiers, and their military service was unrestrained.
At that time, in order to prevent soldiers from escaping, the soldiers' faces were tattooed with military numbers so that they could be identified and chased by deserters everywhere.
In addition, men and women were recruited from all over the country to engage in transportation, and countless people and animals died on the way. When Zhu Wen attacked King Qingzhou, he even buried the farmers, cows and donkeys he collected and surrounded the mound.
In addition to military service, various civil construction services are also emerging one after another. After the Tang Dynasty, Zhuang Zong built a camp in the midsummer, which was "popular every day". Jingnan repaired Jiangling Waiguo and drove more than 10 thousand soldiers and civilians to serve. The main building in Fujian is the temple palace, which is full of prosperity. Severe hard labor makes it difficult to recover the social economy in the north, which was seriously damaged by the war, and also greatly hinders the process of economic development in the south.
Edit this technological culture
Science, technology and culture in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period continued to develop after the Tang Dynasty.
Woodblock printing
Engraving printing At the end of the Tang Dynasty, engraving printing in West Shu was relatively developed, and the printed materials were mainly divination books and calligraphy books. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Nine Classics began to be engraved. In the third year of Changxing (932), Ming Zong ordered imperial academy to collate, copy and annotate the Nine Classics on the basis of Xijing Stone Classics, and hired sculptors to print and sell them. This project took twenty years, and it was not carved until June, 953, the third year of Guangxu reign. Since then, the block-printed Nine Classics has been widely circulated. Later, Shu was also specially printed, which led to the "revival of Shu literature." In the later Han Dynasty, unpublished "Four Classics" such as Zhou Li were printed. Carving "Nine Classics" promotes the popularization of Confucian classics and is conducive to the spread of culture. [ 1]
Historical science
Historiography has made important achievements. The Book of Old Tang Dynasty is the most important historical work in this period. In the Tang Dynasty, the national history of the former dynasty compiled by Jason Wu and Shu Wei was relatively complete. However, due to the Anshi Rebellion and the battle of the buffer region, many historical records were lost, especially the records of 60 years after Wuzong failed to survive. This makes Tang Shi's revision very difficult. During the Five Dynasties, the work of collecting historical materials of the Tang Dynasty was emphasized for the first time. At the end of the Liang dynasty, the emperor issued a letter to collect family biographies and public and private seals of the Tang dynasty; In the late Tang Dynasty, Mingzong sent messengers from Sanchuan to Chengdu to search for the Book of the Tang Dynasty, and clearly protected the inscriptions in the Tang Dynasty, which made important and timely preparations for the compilation of the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty. From the sixth year of Tianfu in the late Jin Dynasty (94 1) to the second year of Kaiyun (945), Liu Shao, Zhang Zhaoyuan and others wrote 220 volumes of Tang Shu (all 200 volumes today), which was later called Old Tang Shu. Although it has always been thought that Old Tang Shu has many shortcomings, mainly due to the insufficient processing of original materials, Tang Xianzong used to copy more national history and historical records, and Tang Muzong later compiled more essays and biographies, but it also preserved a large number of original materials of the Tang Dynasty, which attracted the attention of later historians. In addition, the anecdote of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty was recorded in the Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao, the tribute system in Tang Dynasty was detailed by Wang, the story of China and Korea was recorded by Wei Chi, the story of the ruling and opposition parties in the late Tang Dynasty was recorded by Liu Chongyuan, and the story of the Northern Dream was recorded by Sun Guangxian in the five dynasties. These works in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period all have different degrees of historical value. [ 1]
poetic sentiment
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is an important development period of Ci. There are many poets in Western Shu and Southern Tang Dynasty with high level, thus becoming two centers: Wei Zhuang and Ouyang Jiong in Western Shu, whose works were later included in Huajijian by Zhao Chongzuo and others; In the Southern Tang Dynasty, there were works by Feng Yansi, Li Jing, Li Yu and Li Jing, the later masters, which were collected and carved into the two main characters of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Li Yu was the most important poet in this period. Five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty mostly describe the enjoyable life of the ruling class, with vulgar themes, narrow boundaries and soft style. The works of Huajian School are the representatives of this style. The same is true of Li Yu's early works. However, the poems he wrote after his subjugation and capture, either bemoaning his life experience or nostalgic, are vivid in image, vivid in language, and express his sadness, which broke through the convention of writing exclusively about love affairs and love between men and women since the late Tang Dynasty, and made innovations in content and artistic conception, opening up a new field for the development of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty.
draw
Famous painters in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period include Hao Jing and Guan Tong in the Back of the Liang Dynasty, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran and Xu Xi in the South of the Tang Dynasty, and Huang Quan in the Back of Shu. Hao Jing is good at drawing mountains and rivers, while Guan Tong developed from Hao Jing and is good at drawing the direction of Guanhe River. They are also called "Jing He Guan", which is one of the main schools of northern landscape painting in the Five Dynasties. Dong Yuan and Ju Ran are good at depicting Jiangnan scenery with thick ink or light ink. They are also known as "Dong Heju", and they are one of the main schools of southern landscape painting in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. Huang Quan is good at painting rare birds and exotic flowers in the palace and waterfowl pavilions in rivers and lakes. They are also called "Huang and Xu". At that time, there was a proverb "Huang Fu is crazy about Xu" to describe the different styles of their works. In addition, Gu's "Han Xizai's Night Banquet" is also an artistic treasure handed down from generation to generation. [ 1]
Edit the political system of this paragraph.
After the middle Tang Dynasty, eunuchs were autocratic, and two corps commanders and two Tang envoys of Shence Army were called "four big noble", who often seized relative power and bullied the emperor. On the eve of the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen slaughtered eunuchs and began to use courtiers as Tang envoys. Liang Chu changed to worship the government, and the old name was restored in the later Tang Dynasty. In the future, except for the short-term abandonment in the late Jin Dynasty, it was set up along the dynasties. Tang envoys are generally served by the emperor's closest courtiers, mostly military commanders. The emperor often discussed military affairs with them, and sometimes the Privy Council directly ordered the appointment and removal of the buffer region. At that time, although Pingzhang was the prime minister, the power of the Tang envoy was above that of the prime minister (the prime minister sometimes served as the Tang envoy). Because of frequent wars, military secrets have become the main function of the Privy Council. In the Song Dynasty, Zhongshu and Tommy held hands in the early Five Dynasties. At that time, other regimes generally had an official position in the Tang Dynasty or its equivalent. [ 1]
Thirty or forty
In the early Tang Dynasty, finance was mainly managed by four departments under the Ministry of Finance, namely treasurer, treasurer and treasurer. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Salt and Iron were in charge of taxation, revenue and expenditure, salt and iron monopoly, and material transfer, which were often handled by non-Ministry officials in the names of judges, governors or envoys respectively.
When Tang Zhaozong was in office, the official name of the Third Secretary began to appear when the Prime Minister Cui Yin also led the Third Secretary. In the later Tang dynasty, an envoy was appointed to take charge of the three departments, and the minister was appointed to examine the three departments. Finally, full-time ambassadors and deputy ambassadors are formally established to be responsible for the central finance. Local finance is also under the command of the third division. After the dynasties, the financial management system of the three divisions in the early Northern Song Dynasty also followed the five dynasties.
Weaken the power of our times.
The founders of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were mostly our envoys at the end of the Tang Dynasty. They were able to establish political power because they had a strong army. Therefore, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to consolidate the rule, everyone tried to weaken the local power. Due to the strengthening of the imperial army since Hou Liang's time, Hebei towns, which had long occupied a dominant position, were conquered or even destroyed in Hou Liang and the later Tang Dynasty.
In addition to defending the capital and the palace, the imperial army was stationed in various places to contain and weaken the power of the buffer region. The imperial court also frequently mobilized our envoys to change posts to prevent them from occupying one side for a long time and forming separatist forces.
law
The criminal law in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period basically followed the format and compilation of the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty, but due to the newly promulgated laws and regulations in previous dynasties, the compilation added benefits, which made the rules repetitive and contradictory. In the fourth year of Xiande (957), Sejong ordered the minister to sort it out. The laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty are difficult to understand, and the annotations are complicated, so it was deleted and compiled into twenty-one volumes of Da Zhou Punishment System. The book Criminal Code of the Song Dynasty compiled in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty was slightly added or deleted.
military affairs
On the eve of the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen slaughtered eunuchs and disbanded the Shence Army led by eunuchs. Later, in our time, Zhu Wen proclaimed himself Xuanwu Army, that is, Xuanwu Town soldiers were the imperial army, and all the troops in Beijing were under his command. In the later Tang Dynasty, it was changed to bodyguard pro-army, and the "Ma bu" or horse stance just look was placed under the command, which was the bodyguard department. The following week, the division before the temple was added, and there was also the commander of the "ma bu" or horse stance just look. Later, they were all viceroy before the temple, ranking above the viceroy, while the bodyguard division was divided into two viceroy, Ma Jun and Bu Jun, but not two viceroy.