1, philosophy: economy is the foundation, politics is the concentrated embodiment of economy, and culture is the reflection of economy and politics; Different countries have different national conditions, and specific problems are analyzed.

2. Historical view: the most important thing is historical materialism, whose core content is that the development of productive forces is the fundamental driving force for all fields and even the whole historical development; Global view of history, focusing on the integrity of the world; The core content of the historical view of modernization is that modernization is characterized by economic industrialization and marketization, political democratization and legalization, democratic and free thoughts in ideological and cultural fields and worship of science.

Recommended works: A General History of the World by Stavri Anoos and The Rise and Fall of Great Powers by paul kennedy.