Perhaps because they are easier to control and hunt, zombies will never get the seal of their immortal cousin vampires. This phenomenon extends to the scientific field: zombie research is considered to be less attractive to the funding field and has been lagging behind vampire research. 19 1 1 year, the threat of zombies is greatly reduced due to the development of vaccines. However, this should not make us complacent. Most experts believe that in today's world, zombie explosion is more likely than vampire explosion.
virus
Zombie viruses come from single-strand viruses, just like human vampire viruses. This virus is mainly transmitted by a domestic tick called Ixodidae. The prevalence of these lice in tropical areas is the main reason for the large-scale outbreak in these areas. The nature of zombie plague generally depends on its origin. Most urban plagues are spread by mice bitten by infected ticks. In rural areas, the transmission route is that ticks bite people directly, or the virus is transmitted to humans through animals such as mice and raccoons.
Like vampires, people infected with the virus will enter the blood of another bitten individual through saliva.
Stage of disease development
The transformation stage of zombies is basically the same as that of vampires, but there are two main differences: the condition, symptoms and transformation of zombies start faster and are not affected by day and night.
The first stage: infection. Symptoms appear soon after being infected by zombie virus: within an hour or two, the victim will have flu-like symptoms such as headache, fever and chills. The effective time of the vaccine 100% infected by zombie virus is only half of that of the vaccine 100% infected by vampire virus, and in most cases it is 3 to 6 hours.
The second stage: coma. Zombie coma is much shorter than vampire coma. Physiological pulse (heartbeat? ) signs of slowing down and shallow breathing are similar to vampire coma, and the whole process lasts only about 4 to 6 hours. Very young and very old people can't survive zombie coma. Zombies are as young as five and as old as 90. (Note: the age of the victim) Like the vampire coma, the vaccine is 50% effective during this period. The longer the patient is in a coma, the worse the effect of the vaccine.
The third stage: transformation. Zombies wake up from a coma and are nervous. They don't respond to most stimuli and start looking for prey. Unlike vampires, zombies have no physiological adaptation period; They will start hunting immediately after transformation.
Zombie plague spreaders: Norwegian rats and lice
A victim bitten by a zombie in Panama Quarantine Bureau 1905
Zombie physiology
Because of their catatonic schizophrenia, zombies can't provide any personal testimony to help scientific research. Therefore, all our knowledge about zombies is based on empirical evidence. A person infected with zombie virus becomes a single-minded hunting machine, and all physical changes serve the zombie rules: looking for hunters, catching prey and eating. In short, the changes that happen to zombies are more limited than those that happen to vampires, mainly affecting the nervous system and musculoskeletal system.
The brain is in the nervous system
This system has aroused great interest of researchers, because the neural tissue of zombies has regenerative characteristics that humans do not have.
1. Brain: Because the brain is only a little important to the survival of zombies, zombies can survive with great damage to brain tissue. Former Federal Vampire and Zombie Agency (FVZA) zombie expert Hammenberg? Dr WaxmanHimmelburger said that he met a zombie who lost three quarters of his head after being bombarded by a shotgun (spray), but his function had no obvious effect.
Slices of normal brain (left) and zombie brain (right) show that the brain tissue of zombies is severely atrophied.
2. Spine/nervous system: Zombies' central nervous system shows tolerance to great damage. In the famous series of experiments conducted by FVZA scientists in 1972, zombies recovered their walking ability within 24 hours after the spinal cord nerve was cut off. So far, scientific solutions can not solve the repair process of this mechanism.
3. Dobanin: The smell of fresh meat (prey) will trigger a large amount of this adrenaline-like substance, which will be transmitted to the brain of zombies through nerves.
sensorium
"Follow your nose" may be the motto of zombies. Zombies' strong sense of smell compensates for their other sensory weaknesses.
1. Vision: Zombies suffer from severe amblyopia due to their corneal degeneration. Besides, they are color blind.
2. Hearing: Zombies will become deaf within a few weeks after transformation.
3. Smell: Zombies have more sensory organ cells than vampires. If the wind is right, they can smell people miles away.
circulatory system
As anyone who once dumped all the bullets in a gun on a walking corpse told you, zombies just don't bleed to death. The adaptability of their circulatory system enables them to survive the trauma that will kill normal people.
Blood: zombie blood is thick and black, so it is nicknamed "zombie oil".
Heart: Like vampires, zombies promote blood circulation through skeletal muscles instead of the heart.
temperature
Zombies have a body temperature of 65-75 degrees Fahrenheit (18-23 degrees Celsius), which is slightly warmer than vampires. This is attributed to the heat generated by various parasites living in the remains, which causes zombies to emit steam and breathe in the water in cool weather? The word phosporescence is unknown.
Muscles/bones and connective tissue
There are good news and bad news about this change. Zombies are stiff and slow, but they drag rather than sprint. But they are very powerful, with vise-like handles and jaws that can bite through metal.
1. Muscle/connective tissue: Zombie muscle fibers are concentrated and tough as nylon rope. Ligaments and tendons thicken.
2. Skeletal system: The mandible of zombies has undergone important changes. Extra bones are placed in the mandible to provide a connection point for the larger masticatory muscles. These adaptive changes enable zombies to bite through skulls and bones and touch their food pillars: brain and bone marrow.
Normal jaw (left) and zombie jaw (right); Note that zombies have bigger jaws and thicker muscles.
3. Teeth: The teeth of zombies don't adapt to the powerful force exerted by the jaw. Teeth will explode, and the hole left by the loss of tooth thickness will shed zombie blood like mud. Eventually, they lost all their teeth and the zombies were forced to chew with their exposed jawbones.
4. Hair: Zombies will lose all their hair if they live long enough.
5. skin: it will start to rot after transformation. The skin becomes like leather and then rots.
Age and life span
The irony of zombie life is that they eat like crazy, and they are also food. A zombie's body is like a big Petri dish, providing everything for its owner, from bacteria and fungi to maggots and ants. The final state of decay means that it makes its eyes terrible, and the fact has a worse effect on its nose. For a long time, people have generally misunderstood that zombies are immortals. In fact, most zombies exist for less than a year. Determining the age of zombies can be based on their external image; Specifically, their decomposition degree is also called necrosis and degeneration.
Stage 1: The skin is mottled and full of cracks.
The second stage: ear and nose rot. Fingers and toes fall off.
Stage 3: skull and bones are exposed in a large area, and limbs are missing. I lost a lot of teeth and one or two eyes fell out.
Primary to tertiary necrosis and degeneration
Zombie society
On the surface, the word "zombie sociology" seems to be the ultimate oxymoron. For a long time, people think that zombies do not have the social interaction ability to judge whether people or zombies are standing in front of them. To make matters worse, zombie catatonic schizophrenia means that they failed to provide any personal testimony to confirm the empirical research results. However, modern researchers put forward a summary here, revealing the surprisingly complicated social order in zombies. Thanks to Hammenberg here? With the help of WaxmanHimmelburger)
Newborn zombies: Unlike vampires, newborn zombies have little or no physiological adaptation period. They can also evoke memories, but they don't have the nostalgia or hesitation for the past that is common in vampires. Memory can provide zombies with a little more geographical concepts than roughness. A newly transformed zombie may try to return to his home, but the motivation is hunger rather than nostalgia. Newly transformed zombies make relatively many mistakes when trying to help their sick lover, but soon find themselves immortal.
Zombies 1954 (Anatomy Room of Macon County Court, Georgia)
group
With their strong sense of smell, the newly transformed funeral will instinctively tend to other zombies. Lonely snake gods are very rare. Zombies are usually bigger than vampires. A plague can form a group of many zombies in one day. Vampires often form groups to improve their hunting ability, but forming groups is only a bad thing for zombies. Because it makes zombies more conspicuous, and it is more difficult to satisfy all zombies' eating. Zombie researchers believe that forming groups has achieved some necessary basic community relations and connections. When hunting, the zombies all took action. But during the break, they showed their affection for each other. They will gather together to have a rest. They show special enthusiasm for child zombies. In the group, zombies will form a family unit similar to their own, and children, parents and grandparents will hug each other.
Old and young/strong and weak order: Although the vampire's old and young/strong and weak order is complicated, the zombie group also has the old and young order. A group of stronger and faster zombies will take the lead in hunting and get food first. Any zombie that interferes with their eating will be severely repaired. Not so strong zombies seem to be resigned, so try to make full use of them. Vampires often use their cunning to improve their status in the group, while zombies are relatively naive. All zombies have a chilling single belief when hunting. There has never been such a thing as a cowardly zombie. Unlike vampires, they will be malnourished because they have no appetite to hunt.
Hunting: Zombies show amazing adaptability when hunting. Contrary to popular belief, they are keen and can learn quickly. A newly transformed zombie may hesitate unconsciously for a few days, but once he joins the group, his learning curve rises abruptly. Because they can't talk, zombies communicate with gestures. A common hunting strategy is that several group members drive their prey to areas where many members hide.
Zombies' cooperation in search generally begins to eat and then disappears. Zombies will be seriously traumatized by the same kind when they eat too much. Hungry zombies will leave nothing but bones after eating bone marrow. A full zombie will cling to the relatively nourishing brain and bone marrow, leaving the rest of the internal organs to the weaker members of the group. Zombies will only share with each other if there is sufficient food supply.
Zombies have a very limited range of activities. When vampires can move quickly and tirelessly, reaching 20 miles a night, with luck, zombies can only reach a few miles in 24 hours. Like vampires, a designated area can only bear a certain number of zombies. It is for this reason that zombie plagues tend to adjust themselves. Zombie plague usually starts soon, reaches a plateau, and then disappears quickly because of the decrease of food supply.
Uwe
For zombies, home is a place with no more meaning than providing a safe rest before the next hunting. Whether it is an abandoned building or a well-equipped house, they never care about decoration or comfort. As for the better things in life, zombies reflect on music. A good song will cause them to move their bodies and dance with stiff limbs. Because zombies can move during the day, they have more hiding places than vampires. When vampires struggle to find caves or build humble huts before sunrise, zombies can simply lean on each other or rest on a tree. Because of the lack of super adaptability of vampires, zombies rarely live in urban areas. Zombies are better in the countryside, where they can disappear on the horizon. An empty place with few people? )
The team members inspected the house after finding and destroying 24 zombies.
Personal hygiene: Unlike vampires, zombies can't blend into crowds and public places skillfully. Therefore, there is no need to clean yourself personally. They will put on their clothes until they become rags.
Zombie statistics
When vampires are mainly men in the age range of 18 to 35, the statistics of the number of zombies are of all ages. The average age of zombies is 55, and there are more women than men. The reason why the old and the weak are unbalanced in the number of zombies can be simply attributed to the attack that the old and the weak cannot escape as zombies. As for mortality and longevity, zombies face more depressing predictions than vampires. Few zombies can live for a year. The two main causes of death are always the extinction and malnutrition of zombie hunters, which are often caused by constant fighting with other zombies.
The legend of zombies
When the bookshelves and video corridors are all stories about vampire legends, the folklore about zombies is relatively rare. When we consider that the number of zombies in the tropics is unbalanced at any time, we will not be surprised that many zombies are legendary superstitions that originated in Africa and the Caribbean.
Legend 1: Zombies are resurrected bodies.
Source: Zombies have no heartbeat, witnessing a person who seems to be killed by a zombie become a zombie.
Fact: Contrary to appearances, there is never real death from a person infected with zombie virus to his recovery as a zombie. In addition, the circulation of zombies is replaced by skeletal muscle, which makes the heart inert.
Legend 2: Zombies never die.
Source: Like vampires, victims bitten by zombies will go into a coma, which is often mistaken for a kind of resurrection.
Fact: Most zombies live less than a year. (Well, it seems a little incoherent. )
Legend 3: Zombies are created by voodoo magic.
Source: Slave legends in West Africa and the Caribbean, accompanied by a large number of zombies in the tropics.
Fact: Zombies are produced by the spread of viruses.
Legend 4: Zombies specialize in eating brains.
Source: Yes.
Fact: Zombies with good food will keep the rest of the body still and only eat more nutritious brain and bone marrow. However, a hungry zombie will eat a corpse with only a pile of bones.
Legend 5: exposure to toxic chemicals or radioactive substances will produce zombies.
Source: The plots of countless B-rated movies have been popularized.
Fact: Repeat after me: "Zombies are created by the spread of viruses."
Two-stage and three-stage zombie photos
The two zombies that were wiped out in Gainesville near Florida in the early 1960s provided a good example of the difference between the second and third stage zombies.
Zombies in the second stage
The zombies in the second stage still have eyes. Part of the nose has fallen off, and the place near the mouth has begun to obviously necrosis. But zombies still have a lot of constant meat and some sharp teeth, showing a strong enemy.
Zombies in the third stage
In the third stage, the zombie's eyes, all his teeth and most of his nose disappeared. Such zombies may lead to bad business and confusion (unable to confirm the target? )。 People often amuse themselves with the zombies in the third stage and mock them with sticks and stones. However, many of these jokers have found that the zombie chin in the third stage still has some strength, and it can still be clamped with the forearm and spread the virus instantly.
The famous zombie victim
Because zombie viruses are prevalent in equatorial regions, it is a dangerous proposal to sail there. Therefore, the honor list of zombie victims belongs to non-early explorers.
Magellan? Ferdinand McGiland
Portuguese navigator 1470- 15 12
While trying to become a global navigator, Magellan met some zombies in the Philippines.
Captain Cook.
British adventurer 1728- 1779
The third voyage had little attraction for the strong Englishman. On his third voyage to the Pacific Ocean, he was surrounded by a group of zombies on the beach in Hawaii because he mistakenly thought that a group of zombies was a welcome group.
Puckle. Mongolia (Mongolia Park)
Scottish adventurer 177 1- 1805
Deeds: refer to "Parker? The legend of Mongolia (how long! It seems very attractive. Interested netizens can tell me, and I will take the time to translate or visit the website directly.
Rafiti? Jean Fett
American pirates 1778- 182 1
Rafiti and his men plundered countless ships to his base in Galveston Island in the Gulf of Mexico, but they were unable to stop the zombie plague that invaded the island in the first half of the year. The us navy hopes to destroy the virus it contains with the island.
Pask? louispasteur
French scientist 1882- 1895
1885 after the discovery of rabies vaccine, great microbiologists turned their attention to vampires and zombies. Pass was seriously injured while testing the prototype vaccine of zombies in Paris.
Three largest zombie plague outbreaks in American history
Like vampires, zombies are great opportunists. So it is not surprising that zombie plagues often break out with natural disasters. Combining the warm climate with the conditions you already have for a large-scale outbreak will release the following events.
Key west, Florida 1935
1935, west of Qukai: Prepare to dispose of zombie corpses.
On Labor Day,1September 2, 935. A strong hurricane hit the Kay area of Florida, which is a group of islands that separate the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean. That category 5 hurricane was one of only two recorded storms in American history. It landed in the western part of the most densely populated area in the Kay area. At that time, it was dark, and the storm with a speed of 150 miles per hour swept across the island, completely destroying everything that stood still. During the destruction, in the process of destruction, infected mice began to wander on the island, and before dawn, the first zombie appeared. Many islanders think that zombies are dizzy hurricane survivors, so the plague spreads like wildfire. To make matters worse, the roads and bridges connecting the Kai area and the mainland were destroyed by the storm. The islanders have no escape. Many people jumped into the rough sea and drowned because they avoided dissatisfied zombies.
Within a few days, all FVZA personnel in the south gathered in the west of Kai District by various ships. They set up a landing point in the south of the island and began the process of killing zombies. FVZA personnel spent three weeks calming the island. A total of 3,500 people were infected and destroyed in this incident, and many people were wondering whether a zombie vaccine could be used at that time.
Vicksburg, Mississippi 1863
A zombie attacked a federal soldier in Vicksburg.
1863 was a decisive year in the American civil war. The union army, feeling victorious, dealt a fatal blow to the union army by controlling the Mississippi River. After New Orleans fell into the hands of the Union Army, Vicksburg became the last stronghold of the Union Army in the river. 1May 863 18, 3,200 federal troops arrived at the coast near Vicksburg, demanding that the allied forces surrender immediately. But the alliance leader refused to ask, so the alliance army surrounded the city. Then came a month of heavy shelling.
On June 17, city residents found the first zombie, and a few days later, groups of zombies began to wander. This development has hardly made more than 30,000 allied forces feel concerned about protecting the city. They regard shooting contact with zombies as their goal of entertaining themselves. However, due to the failure to cut off the line, the allies quickly ran out of ammunition and zombies kept coming. In this short time, southerners claimed that the Coalition forces maliciously let the zombie plague continue to spread. Anyway, when the Allies entered the city on July 3, hundreds of zombies wandered in the streets, many of them wearing the uniforms of the Allies. Because there is no FVZA at this time, the federal soldiers want to catch zombies, and at the same time find that zombies are different from soldiers and will not surrender. Finally, it is estimated that 2000 people in Vicksburg were infected and died, almost as many as those who died in running cattle.
Hawaii) 1892
Liu Li Carani (Lily Okala)
In the early 1890' s, the Hawaiian people fought a tug-of-war between those who wanted to remain antagonistic and those who wanted to join the United States. 189 1 year, Queen Lily uokalani ascended the throne and formulated a series of measures aimed at weakening the influence of sugar farmers in time. However, her thoughts were quickly occupied by different events:1In August, 892, the zombie plague began to spread from Chinese workers in the sugarcane fields in Oahu to Honolulu. Thirty waves floating out of the forest forced desperate islanders to flee to neighboring islands in canoes. Although she was afraid of losing her independence, the Queen had no choice but to turn to the United States for help. The independent team of FVZA team arrived in autumn and quickly seized control of the city from the zombies. But the countryside proved to be more difficult to clean up, so more FVZA players were called in. Sugar growers used chaos and panic to launch a sudden action to abolish the queen. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898. It has long been suspected that sugar growers let the plague spread in order to shake the queen. In addition, the fact that senior growers left Hawaii shortly after the outbreak made them more suspicious. Anyway, in 1893, there was a zombie explosion in Hawaii, which killed less than 2000 people, making it the third most serious explosion in American history.