(1) Trade is the main business, and silk products account for a large proportion in trade, which is unidirectional to a considerable extent.

(2) The communication between China and foreign countries is mainly by land, with land and water simultaneously.

(3) Frequent contacts with Asian countries, including East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia. , has a great influence on the eastern culture, forming an East Asian cultural circle with China as the core.

(4) Chinese civilization began to spread to Europe through the Silk Road.

(5) China began to absorb foreign cultures, such as Buddhism.

(6) The advanced civilization of Han Dynasty has a far-reaching influence on the world.

Second, the diplomatic characteristics of the Tang Dynasty:

(1) The scope of foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty was more extensive and sustained.

(2) The field is comprehensive, and it has the closest contacts with Asian countries. The Tang Dynasty is the center of Asian culture.

(3) There were various forms of foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty, including diplomatic exchanges, overseas students, technical exchanges, trade exchanges, religious exchanges and artistic exchanges.

(4) The frequent foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty had a great influence, which promoted the civilization progress of East Asia, Asia and even the world, and formed the Chinese cultural circle, which was the center of world civilization at that time. The influence was two-way.

Third, the diplomatic characteristics of the Song and Yuan Dynasties:

(1) Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the commodity economy in feudal society has developed, domestic and foreign trade has flourished, and foreign shipping has also advanced by leaps and bounds, especially maritime transportation, which ranks among the best in the world. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, China's fleet was the most active in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.

(2) During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, a group of international travelers with rich sailing experience appeared in China's foreign economy and culture.

Fourth, the characteristics of Ming and Qing diplomacy:

(1) Traditional foreign relations reached their peak, such as Zheng He's voyages to the West.

(2) The emergence of overseas Chinese tide promoted the development of Nanyang.

(3) From16th century, Japanese and European colonialists began to invade China.

(4) The people of China began their struggle against colonialism and aggression.

(5) China began to introduce and introduce western scientific knowledge.

(6) In legal foreign trade, China is in a super position. At the same time, the evil opium trade appeared.

(7) The Ming and Qing governments adopted a closed-door policy, and strictly restricted the exchanges between China and foreign countries.

Extended data:

A, China ancient foreign trade routes:

(1) Qin and Han dynasties: mainly by land. At that time, China's silk and other articles were mainly transported to western European countries through the Silk Road. At the same time, the Maritime Silk Road has been opened. As far as the southern tip of half the island of India.

(2) Sui and Tang Dynasties: dividing land and sea. The sea starts from Guangzhou, passes through the Malay Peninsula and India, and reaches the Persian Gulf. The Tang government set up a city envoy in Guangzhou to manage foreign trade. You can go to North Korea and Japan from Dengzhou and Yangzhou.

(3) Ming and Qing Dynasties: In the early Ming Dynasty, the shipping fleet reached as far as the east coast of Africa and the Red Sea, and the trade between China and the West flourished. After Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the country was closed to the outside world and only Guangzhou was allowed to receive foreign businessmen, so the Maritime Silk Road was not smooth.

Second, China's ancient foreign policy

From the Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, China has been carrying out the policy of opening to the outside world. It was not until the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty that the ruling class of our country implemented the policy of "closing the door to the outside world".

Its main contents include restricting the commercial activities, residence period, place, scope of action and communication between China people and foreigners; Establish a public banking system, monopolize all import and export trade and strictly restrict foreign trade.

The formation of the closed-door policy of the Qing Dynasty was not a historical accident. On the one hand, it is the product of backward and closed feudal natural economy. On the other hand, it is a manifestation of the narrow-mindedness of the Qing ruling group, fearing that the Han people at home would collude with the outside world against the Qing Dynasty, thus threatening its rule. Only with the approaching and intensifying aggression of western capitalism against China, the closed-door policy has the self-defense nature of safeguarding national sovereignty in the later period.

Although closing the country to the outside world once played a self-defense role as a passive defense means, it seriously hindered the progress and development of modern China society. Closing the door to the outside world and arrogance are interrelated, and the backwardness and beatings in modern China are also related to this state.

Third, the diplomatic theme.

The subject of diplomacy is a sovereign state. In today's international society, some international organizations composed of sovereign countries are increasingly active and become important participants in diplomacy. For example, the activities of the United Nations are closely related to and influence and coordinate the diplomacy of various countries.

Fourth, the purpose of diplomacy.

The purpose of sovereign state diplomacy is to achieve foreign policy objectives through foreign activities in a peaceful way, safeguard national interests, expand international influence and develop relations with other countries. When conducting diplomacy, all countries should follow internationally recognized norms.

These principles mainly include the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, peaceful coexistence, peaceful settlement of all disputes in their relations, and no resort to force or threat of force.

Diplomacy on this basis is equal and just diplomacy, otherwise it is unequal and unjust diplomacy. Only on this basis, with peace and development as the main goals, can a just new international political order and a new international economic order be established.

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