Unit 1 China's Ancient Political System

The Political System of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1, the content of Xia and Shang political system:

Central Committee: ○ 1 The hereditary system of the throne replaces the abdication system; ○2 Participate in decision-making, be an official, be responsible for offering sacrifices to divination and recording the history of divination, wishes and dynasty events, and be the department in charge of military power.

Location: Hou Bo.

The influence of Xia-Shang political system: The political system in the early Xia-Shang period had a direct influence on the patriarchal clan system and the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

2. The enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty: ○ 1 Obligations of enfeoffment of vassal states: guarding the territory, accompanying the war, paying tribute and making pilgrimage reports.

○2 Impact: positive impact: strengthening Zhou's local rule; Formed a pair of stars for Zhou Yu.

Moon-like political structure

Negative effects: the kingship was weak in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and disputes among countries continued during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

○3 Results: The enfeoffment system was destroyed in the late Western Zhou Dynasty; At the end of the Warring States period, the Zhou royal family lost the right to enfeoffment.

I. enfeoffment system

Objective: To consolidate state power.

Contents: ① The objects of enfeoffment-royal family, heroes, and former nobles; (2) the obligation of the enfeoffment-obey Zhou Wang's orders, guard the territory, follow the battle, pay tribute and make pilgrimage. (3) the rights of the landowners-hereditary posts, setting up officials, establishing armed forces and collecting taxes.

Function: ① Strengthen the local jurisdiction of the Zhou Emperor. (2) expanding the ruling area and developing remote areas; (3) forming the overall political pattern of the Zhou royal family holding the moon; ④ Zhou became a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years. However, the vassal States had considerable independence, which buried the hidden danger of separatism.

3. The patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty;

○ 1 content: maintain the political hierarchy with paternal blood and consolidate the national political system.

○2 Features: eldest son inheritance system

○3 Influence: Ensuring the monopoly and privileged position of nobles is conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.

Second, the patriarchal clan system

The relationship between patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system: enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system are two pillars of the political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, both external and internal.

The characteristics of China's early political system: patriarchal clan system as the core, with a strong tribal color.

The second lesson is the formation of centralization in Qin Dynasty.

1, the formation of centralization:

Features: one person is the only one; Imperial power is supreme; Succession to the throne

Evaluation: It marks the establishment of centralized feudal autocracy.

Form the form of central vertical management of local areas, and bureaucratic politics replaces the important symbol of aristocratic politics.

2. The basic feature of centralization: the power is highly centralized.

3, the role and influence of centralized system:

Positive effects: ○ 1 strengthened the strength of Qin State, expanded its territory through war, formed the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in China history, and became a world power at that time.

○2 Make Qin Nengyi implement various measures to consolidate and unify.

○3 laid the basic pattern of China's feudal social and political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by feudal dynasties in past dynasties and was constantly strengthened and improved.

Negative effects: relying on the autocratic authority of the emperor, strengthening the oppression of the people, leading to the rapid intensification of class contradictions.

The third lesson is the evolution of political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty.

1, the evolution of the central political system:

The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system.

The central government has three posts (Xiang, Qiu)

China-DPRK decision-making body

External execution mechanism

Shangshutai central organization

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties gradually formed a three-province system.

Shangshu Province, Introspection Province and Menxia Province in Sui Dynasty were the highest ruling institutions of the central government.

In the Tang Dynasty, Zhongshu was in charge of decision-making and was responsible for drafting and issuing imperial edicts.

Shangshu Province is responsible for implementing government decrees. Six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers.

Under the door, the province is in charge of deliberation and is responsible for reviewing government decrees.

The highest administrative organization under the Zhongshumen in Song Dynasty

The highest military and political body of the Privy Council.

Deputy minister of political affairs, divided into prime minister's executive power

The third division manages finance and divides the financial power of the prime minister.

The highest administrative organ of Zhongshu Province in Yuan Dynasty.

The highest military body of the Privy Council.

Yuan is in charge of religious affairs and manages Tibet.

2. The evolution of local political system:

At the beginning of Han dynasty, counties and States were parallel; Later period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty: the system of setting up secretariat

In the middle and late Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more and more leaders of local military towns, which developed into a separatist situation.

Song is a local official; State-county two-level system

In the Yuan Dynasty, the local government implemented the provincial system, under which there were roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties respectively. The provincial system strengthens centralization and consolidates the unity of multi-ethnic countries. Its establishment is a major change in the local administrative system.

Management of alpine propaganda organizations in remote ethnic areas.

3. The characteristics of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty: the relative power was weakened and the imperial power was strengthened. Local power is weakening, while central power

Constantly increasing.

The fourth lesson is to strengthen the absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

1, Ming Dynasty: The monarchy was strengthened and the prime minister system in China was abolished, and the monarchy reached a new height.

2. Qing dynasty: the autocratic monarchy reached its peak, and the Ministry of War was established. The officials of the new Manchu and Han dynasties were selected by the emperor as ministers of the military department. accomplish

The military and political power of the country is completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor.

Third, the unification of Qin:

In 22 1 year BC, the Qin Dynasty destroyed six countries, and Ying Zheng, the king of Qin Dynasty, established the first unified centralized feudal autocratic country in the history of China-the Qin Dynasty.

Fourth, the formation of the centralized political system of the Qin Dynasty's absolutism.

Contents: ① Establish the title of "Emperor" and establish the emperor system. The political, economic and military power of the whole country is in the hands of the emperor, and the main officials from the central government to the local government are appointed and removed by the emperor.

(2) Set up a central official system with three officials and nine officials: prime minister-assisting the emperor to handle national political affairs; An ancient scholar-supervisory official; Qiu-in charge of national military affairs.

(3) The local county system is implemented: the county magistrate is a county magistrate, and the county magistrate is called a county magistrate or a county magistrate, all of which are directly appointed and removed by the emperor.

Influence: It consolidated national unity, promoted social stability and economic and cultural development, laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, and played an important role in the formation of the Chinese nation.

Negative effects: Strengthening the oppression of the people will easily lead to tyranny and intensify class contradictions.

V. Measures to consolidate and unify the Qin Dynasty:

(1) Promulgate the Qin Law and unify the laws; Unified currency and weights and measures; (3) unified writing; (4) building equator and lingqu; ⑤ Building the Great Wall of Wan Li; Organize immigration.

The reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty.

Sixth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened centralization.

BACKGROUND: In the early Han Dynasty, the county and country were in parallel, and the kingdom problem appeared.

Measures: Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty put down the "Seven-country Rebellion"; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a promotion decree.

Function: solved the problem of kingdom, strengthened centralization, and consolidated and developed the situation of great unity.

From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, there was a separatist situation in the buffer regions.

Seven, the strengthening of centralization in the early Song Dynasty

Measures: ① militarily: drink a glass of wine to relieve the military power, and relieve the military power of North Korean generals and local envoys; Strengthen the imperial army, strong and weak. (2) Administratively, civil servants are appointed as local governors; The Chief Justice is responsible for supervision. (3) Economically, a small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is all controlled by the central government.

Impact: ① The central government has strengthened its control over local governments and eliminated the separatist phenomenon in buffer areas. (2) Redundancy of officials, soldiers and expenses has been caused, and the curse of "poor and weak" has been laid.

Eight, Tang implemented three provinces and six departments.

The Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty set up Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, which were responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation. The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, which decentralized the power of ministers. Shangshu province consists of six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and has established and improved the management system of three provinces and six departments.

Nine, the Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system.

Background: Territorial expansion is unprecedented.

Overview: The central government has set up a major book province in China; There are ten provinces and Xuanzhengyuan area.

Significance: strengthening jurisdiction over the whole country; Strengthen centralization and consolidate unity. It is the beginning of China's provincial system, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations.

X. Changes in the system of selecting and using officials

Dynasty system

Supervision system in Han dynasty

Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Imperial Examination System in Sui, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasties

XI。 Strengthening the autocratic monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Ming Taizu adjusted the central and local official system and strengthened centralization: ① Abolish the prime minister and set up six departments; There are three departments in the waste province. (2) the establishment of the cabinet. Essence: It is the product of the strengthening of absolute monarchy.

In Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi established the military headquarters (handed down from ancient times)-the absolute monarchy reached its peak.

Unit 2 The Political System of Ancient Greece and Rome

Lesson 5 Ancient Greek Political Democracy

1, basis: Solon reform

Establishment: Reform in Cristini

Golden Age: The Rule of Perikles

2. Features: people's sovereignty, rule by turns, supremacy of law and equality of citizens.

3. Positive role: promoting the formation of Greek national character; Promote the development of ancient Greek cultural undertakings; Create western democratic politics.

Negative influence: male citizen democracy; Direct democracy of small countries and few people; Disadvantages of balloting and taking turns to sit in the village

Lesson 6 The Origin and Development of Roman Law

1, The Twelve Bronze Tables Act marks the birth of Roman written law.

The Complete Book of Civil Law (compiled by Justinian Organization) marks the final completion of the Roman legal system.

2. Influence: maintaining the political and economic rule of the Roman Empire; It is the foundation of modern continental European legal system; Is anti-feudal.

A powerful ideological weapon to consolidate the capitalist system.

I. The Political System of Greece

The reasons for the emergence of democratic politics in ancient Greece are: ① the unique geographical environment and the national conditions of small countries and few people; (2) the development of overseas trade and industry and commerce.

The basic characteristics of the city-state are: small country with few people and independence.

The establishment of Athenian democracy: Solon's reform-laying the foundation of Athenian democracy; Cleisthenes's reform-establishing Athenian democracy; Perikles's reform--pushing democracy in athens to its peak.

The characteristics of Athenian democracy: people's sovereignty, taking turns to govern.

Evaluation of Athenian democracy;

Positive aspects: ① The implementation of democratic politics makes the society relatively just and is conducive to social stability. (2) contributed to the political, economic and cultural prosperity of Athens. ③ It provided some reference for the later establishment of democratic politics by European and American bourgeoisie.

Negative aspects: ① Women, slaves and immigrants have no political rights, and only a few people can really enjoy democracy, which is essentially the democracy of the slave-owner class. (2) Too much democracy can easily lead to anarchism.

Second, Roman law.

1, the origin and development of Roman law:

In the early Roman countries, there were only customary laws and no written laws. The symbol of the birth of written law is the promulgation of the twelve bronze tables law.

Civil law: Roman law, which is limited to Roman citizens and used to adjust the relations between Roman citizens, is called civil law.

Law of nations: In the process of Rome's external expansion, it gradually formed a law that is generally applicable to all free people within the scope of Roman rule, that is, the law of nations.

In the 6th century, The Complete Book of Civil Law marked the final completion of the Roman law system.

2. Evaluation of Roman law

Positive aspects: ① The formulation and implementation of Roman law maintained the rule of the empire and stabilized the social order. (2) Roman law is the first relatively complete code in European history, which has greatly influenced the legislation and judicial system of capitalist countries in modern Europe and America; It is a powerful weapon for the modern bourgeoisie to oppose feudalism.

Limitations: maintaining slavery.

Unit 3 Establishment and Development of Modern Western Capitalist Political System

Lesson 7 The Establishment of British Constitutional Monarchy

1, ○ 1 Glorious Revolution: 1688

○2 Bill of Rights: 1689. Features: the power of parliament is increasingly exceeding that of the king; Congress is gradually in the same position.

Not a cure.

○3 responsibility cabinet system: the prime minister actually becomes the highest decision-maker and leader in the country's political life.

2. Role: domestic influence: providing security, stabilizing society, entering democracy and setting an example;

Foreign influence: it also has a great influence on the establishment of new systems by the bourgeoisie in other countries.

3. Features: The British constitutional system is a mixture of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. The monarch is symbolic.

Most of the duties of the head of state are courtesy.

Lesson 8 The Establishment of the Federal Government of the United States (the United States became independent on July 4th, 1776)

1, Formulation of 1787 Constitution: In the early days of independence, the United States was only a confederate country.

Principles: "separation of powers" and "checks and balances": checks and balances of legislative power, administrative power and judicial power; There are constraints between the President and Congress, between the two houses of Congress, and between the judiciary and other departments. The executive president is indirectly elected by voters. The president is not only the head of state, but also the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the army. He can exercise dictatorship in wartime. The legislative power consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Senators are elected by the state legislature, and each state has two senators. Deputies are directly elected by voters, and their number is in direct proportion to the population of the state. The judges of the federal court of judicial power are appointed by the president and serve for life. Federal courts have the power to interpret all laws and treaties.

2. Significance of1787 Constitution: It is the first relatively complete written bourgeois constitution in the world; Enhance beauty

The development of capitalism in China; It was the United States that established a federal state; It further consolidated the achievements of the war of independence and enabled the American revolution to be completed.

3. Limitations of1787 Constitution: The Bill of Rights, which embodies people's rights and interests, was added to the Constitution as an amendment a few years later; It recognizes black slavery and slave trade, leaving a mark of racial discrimination and oppression; Women, Indians and black slaves were deprived of the right to vote.

Lesson 9 the expansion of capitalist political system in continental Europe

1, the hard road to the French Republic:

1 First Republic, First Empire, Second Republic, Second Empire, Third Republic (Republic finally established)

○2 The content of the Constitution of the Third French Republic: the executive power belongs to the President; Legislative power belongs to bicameral parliament; Judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and consists of authorized senators.

○3 Significance of the Constitution of the Third Republic of France: Republicans finally hold key positions such as the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Cabinet and the President in their own hands; Bourgeois factions occupy seats in the state power, and the Republican regime is finally established; It enabled the industrial bourgeoisie to share political power and promoted the development of French industrial capital.

2, the constitutional monarchy of the German Empire:

○ 1 Establishment of the German Empire: 187 1 Constitution and the establishment of a dual monarchy.

2 The contents of the Constitution of the German Empire:

Regime: unified Germany is a confederate monarchy;

Legislative power: bicameral parliament as a legislative body. The federal parliament is the highest authority of the empire, actually the house of lords; The Imperial Parliament is actually the House of Commons.

Executive power: the emperor is the head of state; The constitution gives great power. The prime minister of the empire presided over the work of the imperial government, was the head of the cabinet and held absolute power.

○3 Nature of the Constitution of the German Empire: The political system of the German Empire is an incomplete and imperfect representative system.

○4 The influence of the German Reich Constitution:

Negative effects: the monarchy was preserved, the political and economic status of the Yongke landlord was not fundamentally touched, and the militaristic tradition was continued, which hindered the complete completion of bourgeois democratic reform.

Positive influence: the establishment of a bourgeois imperialist country; Germany has entered the threshold of capitalism and entered a new historical period; German capitalist industry developed rapidly, and by the end of 19, Germany had become one of the world powers.

○5 Significance: It marks the establishment of the German bourgeois monarchy; With a strong feudal and military color.

I. The British Revolution

Background: Roots: The autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty hindered the development of British capitalist economy.

Process: 1640 Revolution broke out in Britain. During this period, King Charles I was executed and the Republic was founded. But the restoration of the Stuart dynasty. 1688 the glorious revolution marked the completion of the British revolution.

Second, the British constitutional monarchy:

Features: ① Keeping the king, in fact, the status of "unification without cure" exists as a symbol of the country. (2) The highest power of the state lies in the parliament, and the representative system is implemented. Parliament is the highest legislative body of the country, and the cabinet holds the executive power and is responsible to Parliament.

1689 The promulgation of the Bill of Rights marks the formal establishment. /kloc-the responsibility system cabinet was gradually formed in the 0/8th century.

Third, the establishment of the American government:

1776, 13 British North American colonies became independent and the United States was born. At the beginning of independence, the United States was actually a loose alliance of 13 States (that is, confederation). 1789 The federal government was established and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States. /kloc-In the mid-9th century, the United States formed a pattern in which the Democratic Party and the Republican Party took turns to govern.

IV. US Constitution 1787:

1787, a constitutional convention was held in Philadelphia and the federal constitution was adopted.

Evaluation: ① It is the first relatively complete bourgeois constitution in the world. (2) Strengthen state power, implement the principle of separation of powers, and embody the spirit of bourgeois democracy. Limitations: admit black slavery, Indians have no citizenship, and women's status is low.

Five, the difficult road to the French Republic:

1789 French revolution and the establishment of the first Republic; 1870 The establishment of the Third Republic.

The intransitive verb Constitution of the Third Republic of France:

At the beginning of 1875, the National Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Third Republic of France.

Significance: the Republic (parliamentary Republic) was formally established in law, marking the final establishment of the French Republic.

VII. Unification of Germany:

Under the leadership of Bismarck, Prussia completed the unification of Germany through three dynastic wars. 187 1 year, a unified german empire was established.

Eight, Germany's dual constitutional monarchy:

Features: The emperor is not an empty position, but has real power. The emperor and the prime minister hold the power of the country. Parliament has no supervision over the government.

Unit 4 The trend of anti-aggression and democracy in modern China

the opium war

1,1In June, 840, the British fleet invaded the Guangdong Sea to provoke, and the Opium War broke out.

2. 184 1 At the beginning of the year, British troops occupied Hong Kong Island and threatened Guangzhou.

1842 in August, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history, with Britain.

The contents of the treaty include: cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars; Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; China Customs will impose tariffs on goods imported and exported by British businessmen, which will be decided by both parties.

3. 1856, the British army attacked Guangzhou, and the second opium war broke out.

From 65438 to 0858, the Qing government was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Britain and France respectively.

The treaty allows the foreign minister to stay in Beijing; Open ten coastal trading ports; Compensation for huge amounts of silver in Britain and France; Allow foreigners to travel, do business and preach in the mainland of China; Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail secretly in the Yangtze River estuary. Soon, Britain and France burned Yuanmingyuan.

From 65438 to 0860, the Qing government was forced to sign the Beijing Treaty with Britain and France respectively.

Treaty provisions: recognize the effectiveness of Tianjin Treaty; Open Tianjin as a commercial port; Distribute Kowloon to Britain; The compensation for Britain and France increased to 8 million taels of silver each.

4. The degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China has deepened.

One or two Opium Wars

Opium smuggling and opium destruction in Humen: Britain smuggled opium to China in order to reverse the trade deficit with China. Lin Zexu led the anti-smoking campaign, and in June 1839, opium was destroyed in Humen.

The root cause of the outbreak of the Opium War: the need of the development of British capitalism, the need to expand overseas markets and plunder a large number of raw materials.

The starting and ending years of the two Opium Wars: 1840- 1842, 1856- 1860.

Date and content of signing the first unequal treaty "treaty of nanking" in China's modern history: 1842. "treaty of nanking" content: cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; Compensation 2 1 ten thousand yuan; Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; Agreed tariff.

The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.