1, Yashan naval battle

1279 (in the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan Army wiped out the Southern Song Dynasty in the naval battle of Yashan, ending the long-term war situation. Yamen naval battle, also known as Yamen Battle, Yamen Battle and Yamen Naval Battle in Song and Yuan Dynasties, was 1279 (in the second year of Xiangxing in Southern Song Dynasty and in the sixteenth year of Yuan Dynasty), a large-scale naval battle of Song and Meng armies in Yamen Mountain, and a rare naval battle in ancient China.

The Battle of Yashan is directly related to the survival of the Southern Song Dynasty, so it is also the decisive battle of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. At the end of the war, the Yuan army was outnumbered, and Song Jun was wiped out. When the Southern Song Dynasty destroyed the country, Lu Xiufu threw himself into the sea behind his little emperor Zhao Min, followed by many loyal ministers, and hundreds of soldiers and civilians jumped into the sea to die.

After this campaign, the downfall of Zhao and Song Dynasties also meant the complete extinction of the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Mongolian Yuan finally unified all China. China was conquered by the northern nomads for the first time.

The demise of the Southern Song Dynasty marked the end of China's classical era. Some people think that this naval battle marks the decline of Chinese civilization in the classical sense, and there is a saying that "there is no China after the cliff mountain".

2. Create a provincial system.

The Yuan Dynasty abolished Shangshu Province and Menxia Province, but retained Zhongshu Province, Privy Council and Yushitai, which were in charge of politics, army and prison. The provincial system was implemented in local areas, which was the first in China.

The highest local administrative organization in the Yuan Dynasty was the name of the first-level administrative region. Short for province, or short for province. Yuan is the prime minister of Zhongshu Province, also known as Jingshi Province.

Due to Dayuan's vast territory, in addition to Zhili Province in the mainland and Zheng Xuan Hospital in Tibet, ten central provinces have been set up in major cities to take charge of various regions.

During the three short-term establishment of Shangshu Province in charge of government affairs by Sai-jo and Wu Zongchao, Zhongshu Province was renamed Hangshangshu Province accordingly. Yuan people call it "provinces control the world, and ten provinces control the world."

Except for Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi, the Tubo area in the Central Plains is under the jurisdiction of Zheng Xuan Institute. The Yuan Empire established a local book province. There was a change in the nature of "keeping books in the line" in Yuan Dynasty.

In the early days, as an agency of the central government, it was titled "province" in China and exercised its functions abroad. After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, the provinces gradually turned into first-class local administrative institutions, and their heads no longer held the official title of Zhongshu Province. Save roads, highways, government, state, county and grass-roots administrative facilities.

3. Sea prohibition order

In the Yuan Dynasty, maritime prohibitions prevailed and declined. From the last year of Yuan Shizu to the end of the second year of Yingzong (1322), there were four sea bans. The first sea ban began in August of the 29th year of Zhiyuan (1292), and Sai-jo temporarily banned businessmen and navigators from Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian until the 31st year of Zhiyuan (1294).

The second sea ban began in the seventh year of Dade (below 1303), when merchants were forbidden to go to sea, and from the year of Wu Zongyuan to Dida (below 1308), Quanfu Hospital was re-established to rectify merchant affairs. It is precisely because Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan bribed officials that the bureaucratic rectification led Dade to close the city shipping company for temporary rectification within seven years.

The last sea ban began in April of the seventh year of Yuanyou (1320), and the trading company was "shut down and banned" in Yingzong, and in March of the second year of Yingzong (1322), "the trading company moved to Quanzhou, Qingyuan and Guangdong."

The last sea ban was the shortest. In April of the seventh year, "merchant ships were stopped and Jia people were forbidden to enter Tibet". However, two years later, he "moved the merchant shipping company to Quanzhou, Qingzhou and Guangdong". The fourth maritime ban ended.

Since the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the market organization has not changed. The maritime ban policy of the Yuan Dynasty continued intermittently for 1 1 year.

Extended data:

1, the title of Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan in 127 1 year. Its predecessor was the Great Mongolia established by Genghis Khan. The official title of the Yuan Dynasty is Dayuan. In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu promulgated the Imperial Decree of the Founding of the People's Republic of China, which was taken from the sentence "We should make great efforts to do the Yuan Dynasty, and do everything we can" in the Book of Changes.

The word "Da" in Dayuan is not a kind of honorific title similar to that of Dahan and Datang, because the ruler is Mongolian, so it is also called Mengyuan or Huyuan. 1368, Yuan Ting retreated to Mobei, so it was called the remnant of Yuan Ting, also known as Beiyuan or Canyuan.

2. Yuan Zaju

Drama in Yuan Dynasty, namely Yuan Qu, can be divided into Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu has an independent poetic life, while Zaju has an independent dramatic life. At that time, the city was prosperous, and the Yuan court did not attach importance to China literature and imperial examinations. At that time, the society advocated singing and dancing opera as mass entertainment, which made the opera since Song and Jin Dynasties sublimate into Yuanqu.

Sanqu is a new style of poetry in Yuan Dynasty, and it is also a new style of poetry in Yuan Dynasty. Popular songs, which are mainly lyrical and mainly sung on stage, can be sung solo or integrated into traditional Chinese opera, which is closely related to Tang and Song Ci.

Zaju is a kind of drama in Yuan Dynasty, which came into being at the end of Jin Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, and flourished in Dade period at the end of Yuan Dynasty. According to the records of Taihe Yin Zhengpu, there are about 535 books, and their creations are very huge and brilliant.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the creation center of zaju gradually moved southward, and strengthened exchanges with the southern opera promoted by Wenzhou, which became a legend at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and developed Kunju Opera and Cantonese Opera in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

At that time, the famous writers of Sanqu were Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zhang Kejiu and George, and the famous "A Flower Is Not Old" reflected the author's optimism and indomitable spirit. The lazy man's Jiang Ye pursues writing skills and breaks away from the unique style of Sanqu.

Narcissus describing the scenery revisits the waterfall, and tastes both refined and popular to win by surprise; Among them, the tune "Tianjingsha Qiu Si", which describes the natural scenery, depicts a picture of the sunset in the suburbs in autumn, with a blend of scenes and bright colors, and is called "the father of Qiu Si".

In addition to Guan Hanqing and Ma Zhiyuan, there are also Bai Pu, Wang Shifu and Zheng Guangzu (Guan, Bai, Ma and Zheng are collectively called "the four masters of Yuan Opera"). His famous works include Yuan, Moon Pavilion, Autumn in the Han Palace, Wu Tongyu, The West Chamber and Lost Women.

It mainly shows the social life situation, praises historical figures and events, and emphasizes the feelings of characters. The prosperity of Yuanqu finally became China's outstanding literary heritage, which was equal to Han Fu, Tang Poetry and Song Poetry.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Yuan Dynasty