1. Jena Sect
(1) is the earliest German romantic literary school, represented by the schlegel brothers.
(2) They founded a magazine in Jena and put forward a romantic proposition: emphasizing imagination and emotion, and emphasizing the absolute freedom of literary creation.
2. Heidelberg romanticism
(1) Following the Jena School, another group of writers set up newspapers and magazines in Heidelberg to create romanticism. The main characters are Arnim and brentano.
(2) The contribution of Heidelberg School mainly lies in the collection and arrangement of German folk literature, including the collection of China folk song "The Monster Corner of Children" and the collection of children and family fairy tales of Brothers Grimm.
3. "lake poets"
(1) The earliest school of romantic literature in Britain, represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.
(2) They live in seclusion in Cumberland Lake and Gesmir Lake, hence the name "Poet Lake". They praised nature, described rural life under patriarchal clan system and rebelled against capitalist urban civilization.
(3) Wordsworth's Preface to Lyric Ballads is an epoch-making declaration of English romanticism.
4. "Oriental Narrative Poetry"
(1) Byron, an English romantic poet, wrote a poem based on an oriental story-an oriental narrative poem.
The hero in the narrative poem is called "Byronic hero", so it is also called "rebel narrative poem".
5. Byronic hero
(1) Most Byronic heroes come from Byron's oriental narrative poems.
(2) They are enthusiastic, brave, strong-willed, arrogant and lonely, but they all ended in failure and death because of individualism.
6. "The principle of contrast between beauty and ugliness"
(1) Hugo's "principle of contrast between beauty and ugliness" originated from his French romantic declaration "Preface to Cromwell".
(2) The content is: beauty and ugliness coexist in nature, "ugliness is next to beauty, deformity is close to beauty". If art wants to achieve good results, it should adopt a strong contrast between beauty and ugliness and adopt artistic exaggeration, so "small becomes big, deformed becomes beautiful".
7. redundant people
Redundant people refer to the typical model created during the Russian aristocratic revolution (1825 ~ 186 1). They have the following characteristics:
(1) was enlightened by western European democratic thoughts, and his temperament was much higher than that of aristocratic children.
(2) Without clear political opinions and social ideals, we can't find a way out in reality, and we are depressed, demoralized and hesitant.
(3) They all want to change the status quo, but they can't completely break with the society and won't confront it head-on. They can only be redundant people in society.
8. The basic characteristics of romantic literature.
(1) Strong subjective color
(2) Like to describe and praise nature.
(3) Pay attention to medieval folk literature (with rich imagination)
9. Briefly describe the image of "the disease of the century" in chateaubriand's works.
(1) 19 Rene, the work of French romantic writer chateaubriand, is the image of a disease in the first century. Rene is withdrawn and melancholy by nature, and is out of tune with everything around him. He meditated all day to dispel his melancholy and spent his young life in a lonely wandering. This is the first image of "the disease of the century".
(2) René' s personality is caused by society. Under the impact of the Great Revolution, the aristocratic youth could not find their own pessimistic and desperate mental state, gloomy psychology and unhappy mood, which formed such an image of "the disease of the century".
10. The main idea of Childe Haller's Travels.
The Travels of Childe Haller created a prototype of a Byronic hero with the image of a wanderer named Childe Haller. The central theme of the whole travel notes is to observe and praise the European democratic national liberation movement.
The first chapter reflects the suffering, resistance and desire for freedom of the local people under the broken wheel and iron hoof, and the style is self-pity, pessimism and indifference. The second chapter describes the author's hope that the oppressed people can rely on their own strength to get rid of the rule of Turkey. The third chapter describes the image of the lyric hero, representing positive thoughts. The third chapter is mourning the battlefield of Waterloo. The fourth chapter writes that his hopes and confidence have become the clearest and most powerful.
1 1. On the image of Don Juan and his main artistic achievements.
Don Juan is the main character in Byron's long satirical narrative poems.
(1) He is handsome, proud and generous, and has no outstanding characteristics in thought and character.
(2) He is enthusiastic and cynical, but he is not desperate or depressed. He drifted with the tide, resigned to his fate, and had no resistance and enterprising spirit. That natural nature, which is not bound by moral dogma, plays an important role in satirizing hypocritical morality in the tortuous love adventure.
The artistic achievement of Don Juan;
(1) Bitter satire. It is called "satirical encyclopedia".
(2) interject. In the process of narration, arguments are inserted from time to time, consciously and on a large scale.
(3) The infinite change of theme and style is also a remarkable feature of Don Juan.
(4) use spoken language.
12. image analysis of onegin.
Onegin is the first "superfluous man" in Pushkin's Russian literary history.
(1) He was enlightened by western European democratic thoughts, with a tendency of humanitarianism and democracy, and his temperament was much higher than that of the aristocratic children around him.
(2) He has no clear political opinions and social ideals, and he can't see the way out and hope in the suffocating social reality. He is depressed, hesitant, depressed and miserable, and extremely indifferent to life.
(3) He wants to change the status quo, but he can't completely break with this society, so he won't directly confront the society, and his attitude towards life is often a negative escape.
13. Take Les Miserables as an example to analyze Hugo's bourgeois humanitarianism.
Hugo's humanitarian thought is fully embodied in "two sympathies, one condemnation and one shaping".
(1) sympathize with the sufferings of the poor. In Les Miserables, Hugo expressed deep sympathy for the unfortunate experiences of the poor and exposed and criticized the society at that time.
(2) Compassion for the people's revolutionary struggle. The novel eulogizes the heroic struggle spirit of * * * and party member with great enthusiasm, and eulogizes the barricade war in Paris. People have reason to believe that the people's revolutionary struggle is the inevitable result of persecution by the ruling authorities.
(3) Condemn the secularism and laws in the current society, and think that the existing capitalist laws are low-level laws, which can only make criminals continue to commit crimes, while humanitarianism is a high-level law, which can make criminals turn from evil to good and terminate crimes.
(4) created the highest humanitarian model, namely Bishop Miriam and later Jean Valjean. Through the Bishop Miriam and Jean Valjean, the novel preaches the humanitarian ideal centered on "benevolence" and "charity". Bishop miriam is the embodiment of Hugo's good ideal. He accepted Jean Valjean and influenced him. Jean Valjean became a charitable man, treated Javert's mortal enemy humanely, and revived Javert's "humanity".
Hugo's humanitarianism also has its limitations: it is only an illusion to use such humanitarianism to ease class contradictions and reconcile class relations, which is a corrosive agent to the booming workers' movement and directly plays a corrosive and toxic role.
14. Artistic achievements of Miserable World.
Novel is an organic combination of realism and romanticism.
(1) Realistic description. Many images in the novel, such as Jean Valjean's persecution experience, Fantine's tragic experience, Cosette's painful childhood, the Battle of Waterloo and the Paris barricade war, are realistic and true descriptions.
(2) Romantic techniques. The novel uses many romantic techniques, such as the bizarre plot, the bizarre characters, coincidence, Jean Valjean's superhuman strength and amazing self-sacrifice, which are all exaggerated descriptions.
(3) political. The author stands up from time to time to express his views on some issues.
(4) The language is sonorous, intense and enthusiastic, with an epic style.