Cuneiform characters, also known as "nail-headed characters", are named because their strokes are similar to wooden wedges or nails. It is one of the oldest characters discovered so far, and it is also the most important cultural achievement in the ancient two river basins. Code of hammurabi is the first systematic written code in the known world calendar and occupies an important position in the world legal system. It is the first-hand document to understand and study the history of ancient Babylon.
2. Ancient Egypt is located in the Nile Valley in northeast Africa, and its geographical scope is roughly the same as that of today's Arab Egypt and China. In ancient Egypt, the state practiced a highly centralized autocratic rule. Pharaoh is an absolute autocratic monarch, integrating politics, military affairs, economy, justice and religion. Think of yourself as a god or a descendant of a god. Among the ancient Egyptian pyramids, the most famous ones are the pyramids of pyramid of khufu and Kafra. The world-famous Sphinx stands next to the latter.
The pyramid is a symbol of the autocratic power of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt, and it is also a concrete embodiment of the belief of the ancient Egyptians in the afterlife. The ancient Egyptians invented hieroglyphics as early as 3500 years ago. This kind of writing is named because its glyph is similar to the shape of various concrete things. Only priests, scribes, officials and some big businessmen can read and write.
3. When Aryans entered India, they used caste to distinguish the conqueror from the conquered. After the disintegration of their clan system, there was also a hierarchy, and the society was divided into four caste groups: Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra. The caste system thus entered the stage of Indian history.
Characteristics of the caste system: Theoretically, the four castes are all social groups with hereditary occupation, internal marriage and exclusion of outsiders, and their legal status, social rights and religious life are different. The founder of Buddhism is Gautama. Siddhartha, born of Brahman caste. Buddhism came into being in the 6th century BC. Early Buddhism advocated "the equality of all beings" in the religious field, so it gained extensive social support and spread rapidly. By the 3rd century BC, Indian Buddhism reached its peak and began to spread abroad, mainly in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and gradually developed into a world religion.
4. The outstanding representatives of ancient Indian civilization are Maya culture in Central America, Aztec culture and Inca culture in South America. Maya left a valuable cultural heritage for future generations in agriculture, natural science, architecture and art.
They are good at farming and have cultivated more than 40 kinds of crops, including corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cocoa and tobacco, which have enriched and improved human life.
5. Ancient Greece is the birthplace of European civilization, and its geographical scope includes not only the Greek Peninsula, Aegean Islands and ionian islands, but also the western coastal zone of Asia Minor Peninsula. The ancient Greek city-states were generally centered on a city and surrounded by rural independent countries. The basic characteristics were small countries and few people. The 5th century BC to the first half of 4th century BC is the "classical age" of the ancient Greek calendar. This is a prosperous period with high socio-economic, political and cultural development, and it is also the heyday of the ancient Greek city-state system.
The democratic politics of Athens city-state is centered on the direct participation of citizens. Solon Reform in 594 BC and Cristini Reform in 508 BC are two milestones in the process of establishing democratic politics. After the 5th century BC, especially after the Persian War, Athens ushered in its heyday. From 443 BC to 429 BC, the "Perikles (golden age) era" of the Athens calendar was created.
The democratic politics in Athens is conducive to mobilizing the enthusiasm and creativity of the citizens of the city-state and promoting social, economic and cultural progress. But it is only democracy within the citizens of the city-state. Only adult male citizens really enjoy democratic rights, and women, foreigners and slaves are excluded.
6. Homer's epic written by ancient Greeks is a treasure in the treasure house of world literature. Including Hiriart and Odyssey. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are the three great philosophers in ancient Greece. Herodotus has the reputation of "the father of historiography". He wrote History (Persian War) based on his own experience and collected materials. Created the narrative style of writing history and had a decisive influence on the formation of European historiography tradition.
7. In 509 BC, Rome abolished the "royal government" and adopted the system of * * * and began the period of nearly 500 years of Rome and the country. In 27 BC, Octavian was awarded the title of "Augustus", and Rome entered the imperial age; In the 2nd century, Rome became a great empire around the Mediterranean across Europe, Asia and Africa. The Roman Empire split in 395 AD; The Eastern Roman Empire with Constantine as its capital and the Western Roman Empire with Rome as its capital were formed. In 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire perished and the ancient European history ended.
8. From 45 1 BC to 450 BC, the Roman government promulgated the "Twelve Copper Watch Law". This is the first written code in ancient Rome. It embodies the legal spirit of the ancient Romans. To a certain extent, this restricted the abuse of power by nobles and standardized social life. Become the source of Roman law system. With the development of ancient Roman countries, the Roman government formulated and promulgated a series of laws and documents at different times. Because they only apply to Roman citizens, they are collectively referred to as "civil laws".
After entering the imperial period, emperors of past dynasties also issued some decrees for some specific matters. After a long period of accumulation, these decrees and resolutions have gradually formed a unified law applicable to all ethnic groups in China, so they are collectively called "the law of all peoples". The ancient Roman legal system, with its rich contents and relatively complete forms, has had a far-reaching impact on the legal system of later European countries, reflecting its historical value. However, it excludes slaves from the legal object, which reflects its limitations.
9. Islam rose in the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia. In 622, Islam, as a unified religious belief of Arabs, was formed in Mecca. Muhammad is the founder. Soon, a unified country was born. By the middle of the 8th century, it had become a great military empire spanning Asia, Africa and Europe. Islam then spread widely and gradually developed into a world religion. 1258, Mongolian cavalry captured Baghdad, and the Arab Empire finally fell.
10 and 1453, Muhammad Ⅱ of the Ottoman Empire led an army to besiege and capture Constantinople. The decline of the Eastern Roman Empire. The post-Ottoman Empire renamed the city Istanbul. After entering the16th century, the Ottoman Empire became a great empire spanning Asia, Africa and Europe. It controls the trade routes between Asia and Europe. Destroyed the original business order and environment in the Mediterranean region, forcing European businessmen to find new routes to the East.
1 1. The feudal system in western Europe generally came into being in the second half of the 6th century, then gradually expanded and was basically established around 1 1 century. In the first half of the 8th century, Charles Matt, the court minister of the Frankish Kingdom, reformed the land distribution system, changing unconditional grant into conditional enfeoffment. History is called "fief reform". This reform promoted the development of feudal system in western Europe. It accelerated the process of serfdom of free peasants. Feudal owners at all levels were enfeoffed, and the feudal hierarchy in western Europe gradually formed. Manor is the basic economic and social organization in medieval rural areas of western Europe, and it is generally a self-sufficient economic entity. Kings, church nobles and secular nobles are all manor owners.