Cao Cao (155-0315,220), also known as Geely, was born in Mond and Peiguoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui Province), an outstanding politician, writer, strategist and poet at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Wei Wudi
Name: Cao Cao
Temple number: Taizu
Posthumous title: Emperor Wu.
Mausoleum: Gaoling
Political power: Cao Wei
Life span: 155-220 years old
all one's life
Cao Cao was born into a prominent eunuch family. Cao Teng, Cao Cao's grandfather, was one of the top ten constant attendants of eunuch group in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Father Cao Song is Cao Teng's adopted son. At that time, Cao Song's background was not clear, so Chen Shou called him "Don't jump to conclusions", but some people thought he was Xiahou's son. He has served as captain, old farmer, Qiu and other officials.
Cao Cao is the eldest son of Cao Song. He is "less vigilant and has the right to count." He has read widely since childhood, is good at poetry and is familiar with ancient books. Cao Cao also has extraordinary martial arts. Cao Cao's "Ren Xia's dissolute medical career" was not taken seriously by people at that time, but Qiu, who is famous in the world, was greatly surprised when he saw Cao Cao, saying, "The world will be in chaos, people who are doomed can't help, and people who can be safe are in your hands!" Later, Qiao Xuan asked Cao Cao to visit Xu Shao, a famous figure who presided over the Review of Moon Dan in the late Han Dynasty. Xu Shao commented on Cao Cao and said, "Zi can rule the world and be a traitor in troubled times." As a result, Cao Cao gradually became famous all over the world.
After three years of Xi Ping (174), Cao Cao, who was only twenty years old, was promoted to filial piety and became the A Lang of Luoyang. Soon, he was appointed as the northern commander of Luoyang. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is a place where imperial power and power coexist and it is difficult to govern. As soon as Cao Cao arrived at his post, he announced that it was forbidden to strictly observe the law and discipline, and made more than ten colored sticks to hang around the yamen. "Anyone who violates the ban will be beaten to death with a stick." The sturdy uncle, the emperor's favorite eunuch, was forbidden to go at night, but Cao Cao showed no mercy and immediately put him to death. As a result, "the capital is gone, and no one dares to commit crimes."
In the first year of Zhong Ping (184), the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. Cao Cao was worshipped as the riding captain and was ordered to jointly attack the Yellow Scarf Army in Yingchuan with Lu Zhi and others. As a result, the yellow turban was broken and tens of thousands of people were beheaded. Then moved to Jinan. During his tenure in Jinan, Cao Cao managed things as always. In more than ten counties in Jinan (now Jinan, Shandong), county officials are attached to your power, taking bribes and perverting the law, and have no scruples. Before Cao Cao, all countries ignored it. After Cao Cao took office, he made great efforts to rectify and dismissed eight officers in one fell swoop. Jinan shook and corrupt officials fled. "The politics and religion are big, and one county is bright." At that time, the politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty was extremely dark, and Cao Cao refused to cater to the dignitaries, so he returned to the village by illness, studied in spring and summer, hunted in autumn and winter, and temporarily lived in seclusion.
In the fifth year of Zhong Ping (188), in order to consolidate the rule, Emperor Han Ling set up eight viceroy in Xiyuan, and Cao Cao was appointed as the imperial army viceroy among the eight viceroy because of his family background.
In the sixth year of Zhong Ping (189), Dong Zhuo entered Luoyang, abolished Shaodi, established Xian Di Liuxie, and later killed the Queen Mother and Shaodi, claiming to be the prime minister, specializing in state affairs. Cao Cao saw Dong Zhuo's perverse behavior and refused to cooperate with him, so he changed his name and surname and escaped from Luoyang (now northeast of Luoyang, Henan).
When Cao Cao arrived at Liu Chen, he "scattered his wealth and joined his righteous soldiers." Organize an army of 5000 people to prepare for a crusade against Dong Zhuo.
In the first month of the first year of Dixian Chuping (190), Guandong County herded troops to crusade against Dong Zhuo and made Yuan Shao its leader. Cao Cao took part in the battle of Dong Jun as a brave general. In February, Dong Zhuo coerced Xian Di to move to Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) and stay in Luoyang to resist the Kwantung Army. Dong's Liangzhou army is brave and good at fighting. More than 100,000 Kwantung troops were stationed in Zaoshu (now north of Yanjin, Henan), and no one dared to enter. Cao Cao thought that Dong Zhuo "burned the palace and robbed the emperor, and the sea shook and the earth shook", so he should take the opportunity to fight a decisive battle with it and lead the army to the west alone. Cao Cao went to Xingyang Bianshui (now southwest of Xingyang, Henan Province) and met Dong. He was defeated, most of his soldiers were killed and wounded, and they were also injured by the flow vector. Back in Zizyphus jujuba, Cao Cao suggested that all armies should take their positions, and then divide their troops to Wuguan (now southeast of Fengdan, Shaanxi) to besiege Dong Zhuo, but the generals in Kanto refused to follow.
The Kwantung Army named after Dong Zhuo actually has ulterior motives and intends to wait for an opportunity to develop its own power. Soon, there was a conflict between the troops.
In the third year of Chuping, Stuart Wang Yun and Lu Bu planned to kill Dong Zhuo in Chang 'an. Dong Zhuo captured Chang 'an, killed Wang Yun, attacked Lu Bu, and Guanzhong was also in war. At that time, the prefectures and counties were step by step, forming a situation of vassal separatism.
In the third year of Chuping, Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army made great progress, even breaking Yanzhou County and attacking Yanzhou Secretariat Liu Dai. Hebei Beixin and others welcomed Cao Cao as Yanzhou shepherd. Cao Cao and Bao Xin joined forces to attack the Yellow Scarf. Bao Xin died in battle. Cao Cao "set up an Indiana Jones and fought day and night" and finally defeated the Yellow Scarf. More than 300,000 people were killed and the population exceeded one million. Cao Cao, with his elite, formed an army named Qingzhou Bing.
In the autumn of the fourth year of Xian Di Chuping (193), Cao Cao invaded Xuzhou (now Tancheng, Shandong Province) and expanded his power to the southeast. Xuzhou grazing, retreated to Tanxian County. Soon Cao Cao's provisions will be exhausted, and he will retreat to the army. The following summer, Cao Cao levied Xuzhou again, just to the East China Sea. During Cao Cao's expedition to Xuzhou, he was repeatedly killed, and along the way, "chickens and dogs were scattered and there were no pedestrians in the market."
Liu Chen, who had participated in the battle of Dong Zhuo, and Chen Gong, the ministry of Cao Cao, were dissatisfied with Cao Cao, so they rebelled against Cao Cao and welcomed Lu Bu as Yanzhou shepherd. Lyu3 bu4 was a famous soldier at that time. First, it was Dong Zhuo's ministry, and once conspired with Wang Yun to assassinate Dong Zhuo.
At that time, only Juancheng (now Shandong), Fan (now southeast of Fanxian County, Shandong) and Dong 'e (now northeast of Yanggu Valley, Shandong) were still under Cao Cao's control, while Sima, Shou, Cheng Yu and Xia Houdun, the satrap of Dongjun, persisted, and the situation was very critical. Cao Cao rushed back from Xuzhou and heard that Lu Bu was in Puyang, so he marched into Puyang and besieged it. After more than one hundred days of stalemate between the two armies, the plague of locusts rose sharply, the two sides stopped fighting, and Cao Cao Jun returned to Juancheng.
In the summer of the second year of Xingping (195), Cao Cao's whole army fought Lu Bu again, and defeated Lu Bu's army in Juye (now south of Juye, Shandong Province), and Lu Bu fled to Xuzhou to take refuge in Liu Bei.
In the second year, Cao Cao drove Lu Bu and Zhang Miao out of Yanzhou and rushed to Xingping from Liu Chen. After six years of operation, he finally has his own base. Cao Cao's army was only a few thousand at first. Before and after he became the prefect of the East County, he recruited some powerful landlords with clans, sects and other soldiers to join, and then defeated the Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army and incorporated its elite to form the "Qingzhou Soldiers". In this way, Cao Cao had a very effective army. Base area and army are the basic conditions for Cao Cao's success.
Liu Xie and Xian Di have been in a state of drift from place to place since Dong Zhuo grabbed Chang 'an. In July of the first year of Jian 'an, Xian Di finally returned to Luoyang, which was devastated by Dong Zhuo's rebellion. Guan Baiju has no fixed place, "cutting through the thorns, leaning against the mountains and walls", and Luoyang has no food. "There are Qiang Bing in each county, but the Committee can't lose it. If you are hungry, you can be self-sufficient or starve to death."
As early as the third year of Chuping (192), Mao Jie, Cao Cao's counselor, put forward a strategic proposal to Cao Cao, which won his trust. In August of the first year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao went to Luoyang to appear before Xian Di. Immediately, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was taken hostage and moved to Xuchang. From then on, Cao Cao gained the advantage of relying on the emperor to be a vassal. This is a great political success of Cao Cao.
During the Han and Wei Dynasties, social production was severely damaged and a great famine occurred. During this period, food supply became the biggest problem of military groups, and countless people were invincible because of lack of military food.
In the first year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao adopted the advice of Zhao Zhi and others, and used the materials seized by the broken yellow turban to support the people and cultivate the land. That year, it made great achievements and won millions of dollars. So Cao Cao ordered the establishment of a captain in each county to open up wasteland. Reclaiming farmland effectively solved the food problem of Cao Cao Group, so Cao Cao said, "It will be a big field in the future, rich in national use, and will destroy the rebellion and level the world."
At the same time, Cao Cao took various measures to support the yeoman economy. In view of the loss of population and the barren fields at that time, Cao Cao successively took measures such as recruiting refugees, relocating the population, persuading farmers to mulberry, building water conservancy projects, and checking households to enrich the number of households and resume agricultural production. In addition, Cao Cao issued decrees one after another to restore the normal rent adjustment system and prevent the strongmen from annexing small farmers. In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), Cao Cao promulgated a new collection system. By the ninth year of Jian 'an, it was clear: "He rented four liters of land, and the household paid two silks, only two pounds. He must not be good at it. " This series of measures implemented before and after Cao Cao enabled the yeoman economy on the verge of collapse to recover and develop continuously. This has become a solid economic foundation for Cao Cao Group.
Through the above two measures, the agricultural production in Cao Cao's ruling area recovered rapidly. This is Cao Cao's great economic success.
Welcoming Xian Di, moving the capital to Xu He and resuming agricultural production are two important conditions for Cao Cao's success.
From the second year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao took advantage of his political advantage of "relying on the emperor to make the princes" and began his war to destroy heroes and unify the north.
At that time, in the north of Cao Cao, Yuan Shao occupied Hebei, Hebei, Youqing and Qinghai. To the south, it is the Yuan Shu occupying Yangzhou; In the southeast, it is Lu Bu who occupies Xuzhou; Zhengnan is Liu Biao who occupies Jingzhou; To the west, are the generals of Guanzhong. In addition, after Zhang Ji's nephew Zhang Xiu surrendered to Liu Biao, Dong Zhuo was stationed in Wanxian (now Nanyang, Henan), posing a threat to Xu Du.
In September of the third year of Jian 'an (198), Cao Cao invaded Xuzhou and attacked his old enemy Lu Bu. Under the offensive of Cao Jun, Lyu3 bu4' s army experienced ups and downs. In December, Lu Bu surrendered Hou Cheng, Song Xian and other Lu Bu counselors to Cao Cao. When Lu Bu saw that the tide was gone, he surrendered to the lower city. Cao Cao executed Lu Bu and Chen Gong, and took back Lu Bu, Cang Ba and Sun Guan, and initially took control of Xuzhou.
At that time, Yuan Shao was the strongest among the pack. Cao Cao arranged in advance to order Cang Ba and others with potential influence in Qingzhou to attack Qingzhou and occupy Qi (now Linzi, Shandong Province), Beihai (now southeast of Shouguang, Shandong Province) and other places to consolidate the right wing; He also ordered a general to guard Yuan Jun on the south bank of the Yellow River. Soon, Zhang Xiu obeyed Jia Xu, the counselor, and surrendered to Cao Cao. Cao Cao was overjoyed and worshipped Zhang Xiu as General Yang Wu, which relieved his worries. In December of this year, Cao Cao led an army to Guandu (now Zhongmou North, Henan Province) to prepare to meet Yuan Shao.
After Tao Qian's death, Liu Bei once worked as a herdsman in Xuzhou. After that, Xuzhou was captured by Lu Bu, and Liu Bei went to Cao Cao. Cao Cao thought Liu Bei was a hero, and successively named him a shepherd and a left general. Shortly after Cao Cao captured Xuzhou, Yuan Shu of Huainan was ready to flee to Qingzhou to go to Yuan Shao, and Cao Cao sent Liu Bei to intercept him. In the first month of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Dong Cheng and others plotted against Cao Cao and were killed by Cao Cao. Liu Bei then attacked, killed Che Zhou, the secretariat of Xuzhou, and occupied Xuzhou.
In order to avoid being attacked before and after fighting Yuan Shao in the future, Cao Cao decided to destroy Liu Bei, who was unstable in Xuzhou. When all the generals were afraid that Yuan Shao would take the opportunity to come to Los Angeles? What is the source of harmony? Proud of sugar happiness? Private? Epilepsy? Diarrhea muscle t? Do you write Jingjing? Lu Wei? Yao Huan? Gross! Peter. How was the accident? Sugar orange? Hey?
Yuan Shao was the most powerful force in the north at that time and the most powerful enemy for Cao Cao to unify the north. Since Yuan An, Yuan Shao's great grandfather, the Yuan Yuan family has been "three terms and four generations" and "one's intimate party followers and students are all over the world", and its influence has been great. After Yuan Shao acquired the land of Hebei, Hebei, Youqing and Qinghai, his strength increased greatly, with hundreds of thousands of people. Yuan Shao, his eldest son Tan, his second son, and his nephew were divided into three states: green and quiet, solid rear, and plenty of soldiers and food, and Cao Cao was completely ignored. He selected 100,000 elite soldiers and 10,000 war horses in order to wipe out Cao Cao in one fell swoop. In February of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Yuan Shao ordered general Yan Liang and others to invade Baima (now north of hua county, Henan Province) and led the army into Liyang (now east of Xun County, Henan Province) to crusade against Cao Cao.
Cao Cao's strength is much weaker than Yuan Shao's. The area south of the big river occupied by Cao Cao is very small, and it is the land of four wars. It's shabby, not fully recovered, and the materials are not as rich as Yuan Shao's. Cao Cao's troops are far less than Yuan Shao's, and the total strength is only tens of thousands. According to the "Emperor Wu Ji", "there are less than 10,000 soldiers and 12 wounded people." Liu Song and Pei Songzhi think that this figure is not accurate, and Cao Cao's troops will not be so small, but there is no problem that Cao Cao's troops are far less than Yuan Shao's. When Yuan Shao's army attacked, many people were shocked. Cao Cao comforted the generals and said, "I know Shao as a man, who is ambitious but wise, strong in color but weak in courage, evasive and weak in strength, with many soldiers and unclear plans, and arrogant and different." Although the land is vast and abundant, it is enough to serve me. " Cao Cao knew Yuan Shao very well. When Yuan Shao was about to be besieged by an army, he dared to pull out and attack Liu Bei. It is based on this understanding.
In February of the fifth year of Jian 'an, Yuan Jun, Yan Liang and others besieged Baima, and the war began. In April, Cao Cao personally led the troops north to solve the siege of the White Horse. He adopted Xun You's plan, pushed the army to Yanjin (now north of Yanjin, Henan, west of Baima), made a gesture of crossing the river to attack Yuan Jun, attracted Yuan Jun to divide his army and March westward, and then suddenly turned to hardships to save Baima. Cao was suddenly killed and caught off guard. Yan Liang was killed and defeated, and the siege of the White Horse was broken. Cao Cao rescued the white horse soldiers and civilians and retreated westward along the Yellow River. Hearing this, Yuan Shao immediately crossed the river and chased Cao Cao. Seeing the pursuers approaching, Cao Cao ordered the sergeant to release his saddle and put the trench on the road. Yuan Jun chased his troops, fought for trenches, and created chaos. Cao Cao led the only cavalry to fight out suddenly, defeated the pursuers and attacked another general of Yuan Shao, Wen Chou. Yan Liang and Wen Chou are famous generals in Yuan Jun. They were killed in World War II respectively, and Yuan Jun was greatly shocked. Cao Cao won the first battle, took the initiative to retreat and continued to guard Guandu.
In August, Yuan Shao's army marched into Guandu from east to west for dozens of miles, relying on sand piles as chariots. Cao Cao divided his forces and held on, waiting for an opportunity. Yuan Jun raided Cao Cao's camp. First, paddle high, raise a pile of soil, shoot arrows at Cao Cao from above, and then dig tunnels to attack Cao Cao from underground, all of which were broken by Cao Cao in corresponding ways. The two armies have been at war for nearly two months. After a long battle, Cao Cao fell into an extremely difficult situation.
In October, Yuan Shao brought more than 10,000 wagons of grain and hay from Hebei, and sent general Chunyu Qiong and others to guard the camp with more than 10,000 people, and camped in the Wu Dynasty four miles away from Yuan Shao's camp. Just then, Yuan Shao's counselor Xu Yuan voted for Cao Cao and offered him a plan to sneak into the bird's nest. Cao Cao was overjoyed. He led 5,000 chosen men and sneaked into Wu's lair through the path at night. When he reached Wu's lair, he ordered people to set it on fire. Yuan Jun chaos, Chunyu Qiong refused to keep the camp. Hearing this, Yuan Shao quickly sent troops to save him. When Cao Cao saw the left and right, he said, "The thief is riding a little closer. Please divide your forces and refuse." Cao Cao said angrily,' There are thieves behind you, and it's for nothing!' All foot soldiers fight to the death, so break it and cut Joan, etc. Burn their food and grass. "Lombardi heard that Cao Cao attacked the Wu Dynasty and thought it was a good opportunity to attack Cao Cao's camp, so he sent fewer reinforcements and besieged Cao Cao's camp heavily. However, before Cao Cao's camp was broken, the news of the failure of the Wu Dynasty came, Yuan Jun was scattered, and General Zhang He and others surrendered to Cao Cao. Yuan Shao abandoned the army and fled back to the north of the Yellow River. So Cao Jun won a great victory, beheaded more than 70,000 people, and won the book treasure of Yuan Jun. Cao Cao counted Yuan Shao's letters and got the letters written by his subordinates to Yuan Shao. He burned them and said, "Shao is strong, and loneliness can't protect himself. What about everyone?"
From the objective conditions, Cao Cao is at a disadvantage, but because he can correctly analyze the objective conditions and be good at listening to the correct opinions of others, he can foster strengths and avoid weaknesses and adopt correct strategies and tactics to turn the war into a favorable situation for himself. Through his subjective efforts, he finally won the victory.
In the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, the biggest enemy, and it was the general trend that he unified the north.
In the seventh year of Jian 'an, Yuan Shao died. Yuan Shao's two sons, Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang, were at odds and had many contradictions. Yuan Tan was defeated by Yuan Shang and begged Cao Cao to surrender.
In February, the ninth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao took advantage of Yuan Shang's invasion of Yuan Tan, marched in and besieged Yecheng. Yuan Shang led the army to Huiyuan, taking Qiushui (now Fuyang River) as the camp. Cao Cao pursued the victory and surrounded its camp. Yuan Shang was afraid and asked for surrender, but Cao Cao refused. Yuan Shang fled at night and failed. Yuan Shang fled to Zhongshan (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province). Cao Cao ordered people to surrender to the defenders of Yecheng with the seals and cymbals seized from Yuan Shang, and the fighting spirit in the city collapsed. Yecheng was attacked by Cao Cao. In the first month of the second year, Cao Cao conquered Yuan Tan and pacified Jizhou in the name of breaking the contract. So Cao Cao turned Yanzhou pastoral into Jizhou pastoral.
After Yuan Shang's defeat, he fled to Youzhou, where he served as the secretariat of Yuan Xi. Soon. Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi fled to Wuhuan County.
In the twelfth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao decided to go on an expedition to Wuhuan in order to eliminate the remnants of Yuan and completely solve the problem of the invasion of the three counties. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the three counties of western Liaoning, eastern Liaoning and right Beiping merged to form Wuhuan, and its leader was Tadun in western Liaoning. Wu Huan, the third county, has always made friends with Yuan, repeatedly invaded the border and plundered people and property. In May of this year, Cao Cao led an army to Wuji (now Jixian County, Hebei Province). It was the rainy season and the road was flooded. "The horses and chariots are too shallow and the boat is too deep." Cao Cao has changed from endless discussion of land to a long-lost route, but there is still a path to be found. Cao Cao's army, led by Tian Chou, climbed up Xuwushan (now Yutian North, Hebei Province), went out of Lulongsai (now near xifengkou, Hebei Province) and "more than 500 miles in the ravine", pointing directly at Liucheng, the home of Wuhuan (now Chaoyang South, Liaoning Province). Jin Jun arrived less than two hundred miles away from Liucheng and was discovered by Wu Huan. So Tadun, Yuan Shang, Yuan and others led tens of thousands of cavalry to meet them. In August, the two armies met, and Cao Jun was behind the trench. "There are few people wearing real armor," and the army was in full swing. Cao Cao climbed to the top of the hill and saw that although there were many enemy troops, their positions were uneven, so he ordered Zhang Liao, the general, as a pioneer, to take advantage of the slight movement of enemy lines and launch a fierce attack on them. Wu Huan army chaos, jun array cut tower dun, a complete victory, Hu, Korea surrendered more than 20, Yuan Shang and others fled to Gongsun Kang, Pingzhou. At this time, Cao Cao was advised to attack Gongsun Kang. Cao Cao said, "You can send them to business and guard, and don't disturb the soldiers." Then he led the army back to the division. Soon, Gongsun Kang killed Yuan Shang and Yuan and presented their heads to Cao Cao. Unknown so and general Cao Cao said, "I'm afraid to wait. If I'm in a hurry, I'll work together. If I'm slow, I'll draw by myself." As a result, Cao Cao captured the three counties of Wuhuan and completely eliminated Yuan's power.
In June of the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao resumed the prime minister system and became the prime minister himself.
After Cao Cao basically pacified the north, the soldiers turned south. In July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, Liu Biao marched into Jingzhou. In August, Liu Biao died of illness, and his son Liu Cong took over as Jingzhou Pastoral. In September, Cao Cao's army entered Xinye (now Henan Province). Liu Cong thought it was unstoppable and surrendered to Cao Cao with all the people in Jingzhou. At this time, Liu Beitun, who defected to Liu Biao after the Battle of Guandu, was stationed in Fancheng (now Xiangfan, Hubei). When he heard that Liu Cong had surrendered, he led his troops to retreat to Jiangling (now Hubei). Jiangling is an important town in Jingzhou, with a large number of military supplies. Cao Cao heard that fearing that Jiangling would fall into the hands of Liu Bei, he personally led 5,000 cavalry to gallop 300 miles from Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province), caught up with Liu Bei in Changban, Dangyang (now northeast of Dangyang, Hubei Province), and defeated his army, thus occupying Jiangling.
Because Cao Cao's March threatened Sun Quan's rule, Sun Quan ordered Zhou Yu, a general, to lead 30 thousand troops to join forces with Liu Bei to resist Cao Cao.
Cao Cao went from the east of Jiangling to Chibi (now West Chibi Mountain, Wuchang County, Hubei Province) to fight with Sun and Liu. Temporarily stationed in Wulin (now Wulin Collection in the northeast of Honghu County, Hubei Province, on the north bank of the Yangtze River), facing each other across the river.
Zhou Yu used the trick of pretending to surrender, and ordered the general Huang Gai to lead ten small warships, loaded with firewood and filled with ointment. He pretended to surrender and headed for the north shore. When he left Cao Ying for two miles, all the ships were lit, and then with the help of the wind, they rushed at Cao Jun. Cao Jun was defeated and the ship was burned. Cao Cao led the troops to retreat to Jiangling from Huarong Road (now northwest of Jianli, Hubei Province). Then I withdrew my troops and went back to the north.
After Battle of Red Cliffs's failure, Cao Cao took some measures to stabilize the internal affairs. In the spring of the fifteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao issued an order for seeking talents, saying, "Today is undecided, and this urgent need for seeking talents is also ... My second and third sons help me to be bright and humble, and my talents are unique, so I can use them." Cao Cao put forward the employment policy of having both ability and political integrity, aiming at recruiting talents as widely as possible.
In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao began to attack Guanzhong. In March, Cao Cao sent a captain, Zhong You, to lead the general Xia to invade Guanzhong in the name of conquering Hanzhong (governing Nanzheng, now Shaanxi Han Middle East) Zhang Lu. Ma Chao, Han Sui, Yang Qiu, etc. were suspicious and turned against each other for a time. Cao Cao immediately sent general Coss to attack Guanzhong, and Ma Chao and others were stationed in Tongguan. In July, Cao Cao led an army to personally expedition to Guanzhong. In September, the Guanzhong armies were defeated. Ma Chao and Han Sui fled to Liangzhou, and Yang Qiu fled to Anding (Lin Jing, now south of Gansu Town). In October, Cao Cao invaded to maintain stability, Yang Qiu surrendered, and the Guanzhong area was basically stable.
In the eighteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao rose up and claimed to be 400,000 yuan, personally conquering Sun Quan. In the first month of the following year, Cao Jun went to ruxu (now southeast of Chao County, Anhui Province), breached Sun Quan's camp in Jiangbei, and captured Sun Quan's general Gongsun Yang alive. Sun led 70,000 troops to ruxu to resist Cao Jun. The two armies were at loggerheads for more than a month, but each got nothing. Cao Cao saw that Sun Quan was strong and hard to win, so he withdrew his troops and returned to the north. In May, Xian Di named Cao Cao Wang Wei, added nine tin, and cut ten counties such as Hedong and Wei Jun in Jizhou, thinking that Wei was a fief. After Cao Cao appointed Gong Wei, he became a prime minister and a priest in Jizhou, and his power was growing. In July, Cao Cao built the ancestral temple of Wei, and set up ministers and attendants in Wei.
In March of the twentieth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao saw that Liu Bei had left Yizhou and Hanzhong was the gateway to Yizhou. "Without Hanzhong, there would be no Shu State." Liu Bei is bound to seize Hanzhong. So Cao Cao took the lead and led hundreds of troops to personally expedition Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. In July, Cao Cao's army entered Yangpingguan (now northwest of Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province). Zhang Lu heard that Yangpingguan fell and fled to Bazhong. Cao Cao marched into Nanzheng and won all the treasures in Zhang Lu. In November, Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao and Hanzhong was owned by Cao Cao.
After Cao Cao's main force withdrew from Hanzhong, Liu Bei then attacked Hanzhong. In the twenty-third year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei led the army into Yangpingguan, and Xia and others confronted Liu Bei. In July, Cao Cao personally led the army to Guanzhong, sitting in Chang 'an, so as to command the Hanzhong war situation at any time. In the first month of the 24th year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei crossed Mianshui (now Hanshui) from Yangpingguan south, advanced along the mountain and settled in Dingjun Mountain (now southeast of Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province). Xia School competed with Liu Bei for terrain and was killed and defeated by Liu Bei. Cao Cao abandoned Hanzhong and all the troops withdrew to Chang 'an.
In July of the 24th year of Jian 'an, just after Cao Cao withdrew from Hanzhong, Guan Yu, the general of Liu Bei, launched an attack from Jingzhou to his southeast defense line Xiang and Fan. Hearing this, Cao Cao immediately sent a general Yu Jin to lead the troops to save Fan Cheng. In August, Guan Yu took advantage of the flood to break the Forbidden City and unify the seven armies. He took advantage of the situation to March and surrounded Fancheng. There were only a few thousand Cao troops in Fancheng at that time, and the city was flooded. The water was only a few feet away from the tower, and Coss led the army to defend. Cao Cao sent Huang Xu to save Fancheng. In October, Cao Cao rushed to Luoyang from Guanzhong and personally directed the rescue of Fancheng.
Sun Quan didn't want Guan Yu's influence to develop, because Guan Yu was in the upper reaches, and he already had the heart to seize Jingzhou, so he joined forces with Cao Cao and prepared to attack Jiangling, the important place of Jingzhou with General Monroe. After receiving the letter, Cao Cao informed Coss of the news and ordered him to stick to it. He arrived in Mobei (now southeast of jia county, Henan), near the headquarters. He sent the 12th battalion to reinforce Huang Xu and ordered him to fight back against Guan Yu. Soon, Lv Meng successfully captured Jiangling. Guan Yu retired and was captured and killed by Sun Quanjun on the way.
After Sun Quan captured Guan Yu and captured Jingzhou, Cao Cao named Sun Quan a general in title of generals in ancient times and a shepherd in Jingzhou. Sun Quan sent messengers to pay tribute to Cao Cao, urging him to call himself emperor on behalf of Han Dynasty. Cao Cao showed Sun Quan's book to ministers at home and abroad and said, "It is my son who wants to sit on the fire!" " "Cao cao's ministers took the opportunity to persuade cao cao. Cao Cao himself did not want to abolish Xian Di's independence. He said, "If fate belongs to me, I will be Zhou Wenwang. "
In the first month of the 25th year of Jian 'an (220), Cao Cao returned to Luoyang. That month, he died in Luoyang at the age of 66. In October of this year, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Han Dynasty, with the title of Wei, and honored Cao Cao as Emperor Mao Wu.
Historical review
The evaluation of Cao Cao in the history books is: "the most brilliant", "the able minister to rule the world, the treacherous man in troubled times" and "writing poems horizontally is also a hero all his life." The famous "Let the County Know the Book" was written in the fifteenth year of Jian 'an (2 10), and every word was aboveboard and sincere. Cao Cao said emotionally: "Let there be no orphans in the world. I don't know how many people are emperors and how many people are kings. " That's true.
In the long historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there are obvious ways to belittle Cao because of the need of literature. However, the reflection on him can be regarded as the highest among the three monarchs in Wei Shuwu. Chen Shou commented on Cao Cao: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, Xiong Hao rose, and Yuan Shao was eyeing four states, which was beyond his power. Mao strategized, castigated the magic of Shen and Shang, used the unique tactics of Han and Bai, and granted official materials, each for his own devices, melodramatic, and forgot the old evils. In the end, he was able to conquer the imperial court machine and become a flood maker, but it was only slightly better. I can be described as an extraordinary person and a peerless hero. "
Later scholars believed that this was because Luo Guanzhong, the author of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, deliberately distorted the facts and did not correctly evaluate Cao Cao. Cao Cao is talented and versatile, and his tactics and tactics are flexible and changeable in the military. He made great contributions to the unification of northern China, the recovery of economic production and the maintenance of social order in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In terms of internal affairs, Cao Cao established a system of reclaiming farmland and ordered soldiers who didn't need to fight to go to the fields to farm, thus alleviating the food problem during the war in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
Cao Cao's Poetic Style
Cao Cao is not only an outstanding politician and strategist in the history of China, but also an outstanding writer. He has written military works such as Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Hao, Hai, Qiu Lu, Cold Night, Jieshi and Jie Shi. Later generations also compiled Cao Cao Ji.
Cao Cao's poems written by Cao Cao were greatly influenced by Yuefu, and all the existing poems are Yuefu songs. Although these poems follow the old theme of Yuefu, they do not follow the poems of the ancients, and are not bound by other ways. Instead, they inherit the spirit of "feeling sadness and joy, born of things". For example, Lu Luxing and Good Li Xing were originally elegies, but Cao Cao used them to mourn the troubled times. "Out of the East Gate" was originally a song lamenting the impermanence of life and the need to eat, drink and be merry in time, but Cao Cao used it to express his ambition to dominate the world and the magnificent scenery he saw when he returned from the Northern Expedition. It can be seen that Cao Cao's innovative folk songs opened up a new style of Jian 'an literature and influenced Du Fu, Bai Juyi and others later.
There are three contents in Cao Cao's poems: reflecting the reality of unrest in the late Han Dynasty, unifying the ideal of the world and the indomitable spirit, and expressing unforgettable negative emotions.
In the chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao had a wide range of social contacts. Therefore, he has many personal experiences and understandings. For example, Hao describes the tragic scene of the war at the end of the Han Dynasty. When he saw the sufferings of the people, he also saw the sympathy of the poet when he was hurt. Therefore, later generations called Cao Cao Yuefu "a true record of the late Han Dynasty, an authentic poem".
Cao Cao was born in an official's family and had ambitions for the world, so he had unified ambitions. In the short Song Dynasty, there was a saying that "the Duke of Zhou vomited food, and the world returned to the heart". Its enterprising spirit can also be seen. For example, in "Although the tortoise lives a long life", it is said that he will not give up his ambition even in his later years.
A generation of heroes, who have enjoyed the scenery for a lifetime, also died when the stars fell. Cao Cao also felt helpless about this, and he could only make a poem and sigh. For example, in short songs, the sadness of "morning dew, how painful it is to go to Japan", Hu Xing's low mood in autumn, and Shang Mosang's works of wandering immortals can all see his negative emotions.
Cao Cao's poetic form is very innovative. He is particularly good at writing five-character and four-character styles. Hao was originally a miscellaneous word, but Cao Cao rewritten it into five words, which was very successful. Four-character poems have declined since The Book of Songs, and there are not many excellent works, but Cao Cao inherited the national style and the tradition of Xiaoya, reflecting reality and expressing emotions. For example, "Short Song" and "Out of the Summer Gate" are masterpieces of four-character poems, which make them reborn and glow again. Cao Cao's poems are simple, straightforward, bold, sad, gloomy and vigorous. The colorful words are rare, but vivid as the poem "Watching the Sea": "The autumn wind is bleak, the waves are rough, and the trip to the sun and the moon, if it is outside, the stars are brilliant, if it is outside." A few strokes can show the poet's mind with a vast seascape without retouching.
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