Typhoons and hurricanes are both strong tropical cyclones generated on the surface of tropical oceans, but they are called differently. Tropical cyclones that occur in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean and west of the international international date line, including the South China Sea, are called typhoons. Tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern North Pacific Ocean are called hurricanes, which means hurricanes in the United States and typhoons in the Philippines, China and Japan.
Typhoons are often accompanied by strong winds and heavy rains. The wind rotates counterclockwise. Isobars and isotherms are approximately a set of concentric circles. The central air pressure is the lowest and the temperature is the highest.
Formation of typhoon
Judging from the typhoon structure, such a behemoth must have unique conditions.
First of all, there must be a vast atmosphere with high temperature and high humidity. The temperature and humidity of the bottom atmosphere on the tropical ocean surface are mainly determined by the sea surface temperature, and typhoons can only form on the warm ocean surface where the sea surface temperature is higher than 26℃-27℃ and the sea surface temperature is higher than 26℃-27℃ within 60 meters.
Second, there should be an initial disturbance in which the lower atmosphere converges to the center and the upper atmosphere spreads outward. Moreover, the divergence of the upper layer must exceed the convergence of the lower layer in order to maintain enough updraft and continuously strengthen the disturbance of the lower layer;
3. The difference of vertical wind speed should not be too big, and the relative motion of the upper and lower air is very small, so that the latent heat released by water vapor condensation in the initial disturbance can be stored in the air column in the typhoon eye area, forming and strengthening the typhoon warm center structure;
Fourth, there must be enough geostrophic deflection, and the earth's rotation is conducive to the formation of cyclonic vortices. The geostrophic deflection force is close to zero near the equator and increases at the north and south poles. The typhoon occurred on the ocean surface about 5 latitudes from the equator.
Classification of typhoons
Super typhoon: the maximum average wind speed near the center of the ground layer is ≥ 5 1.0m/s, that is, 16 or more.
Strong typhoon (STY): The maximum average wind speed near the bottom center is 41.5-50.9m/s, which is 14- 15.
Typhoon (TY): the maximum average wind speed near the center of the ground floor is 32.7-4 1.4m/s, which is 12- 13.
Severe tropical storm (STS): the maximum average wind speed near the bottom center is 24.5-32.6m/s, that is, wind10-1.
Tropical storm (TS): the maximum average wind speed near the bottom center 17.2-24.4m/s, that is, the wind force is 8-9.
Tropical depression (TD): the maximum average wind speed near the bottom center 10.8- 17. 1 m/s, that is, the wind force is 6-7.
The path of typhoon
The direction and speed of typhoon movement depend on the force acting on the typhoon. Power is divided into internal force and external force. The internal force is the resultant force from north to west caused by the different geostrophic skewness caused by the latitude difference between north and south within the typhoon range. The larger the typhoon range, the stronger the wind speed and the greater the internal force. The external force is the force of the external environment flow field on the typhoon vortex, that is, the guiding force of the easterly belt of the basic airflow on the south side of the subtropical high in the northern hemisphere. Internal force mainly plays a role in the initial generation of typhoon, while external force is the leading force to manipulate the movement of typhoon, so typhoon basically moves from east to west. Due to the influence of the shape, position and intensity of subtropical high, the typhoon's moving path is not uniform and becomes diverse. Taking the typhoon moving path in the northwest Pacific as an example, there are three moving paths:
(1) The westward typhoon moved from the east of the Philippines to the west, crossed the South China Sea, and finally landed on Hainan Island in China or northern Vietnam.
(2) Landing type: The typhoon moved to the northwest, crossed the Taiwan Province Strait, landed in the coastal areas of Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang, and gradually weakened into a low pressure. This typhoon has the greatest impact on China. The two typhoons "90 15" and "97 1 1" which have had the greatest impact on Jiangsu in recent years belong to this type.
(3) Parabolic type: The typhoon moves to the northwest first, then turns to the northeast when approaching the eastern coast of China, and turns to the vicinity of Japan, with a parabolic path.
After the typhoon is formed, it will generally move out of the source and experience the evolution process of development, weakening and extinction. A mature typhoon has a circular vortex radius of 5 OOKM ~ 1000 km and a height of 15 km ~ 20 km. Typhoon consists of three parts: peripheral area, maximum wind speed area and typhoon eye. The wind speed in the peripheral area increases from outside to inside, with spiral clouds and precipitation; The strongest precipitation occurs in the maximum wind speed area, with an average width of 8 km ~ 19 km, and there is a circular cloud wall between it and the typhoon eye; The typhoon eye is located in the center of the typhoon. The most common typhoon eye is round or oval, ranging in diameter from 10 km to 70 km, with an average of about 45km. The weather in typhoon eye is calm, partly cloudy, dry and warm.
Number of typhoons
China numbered the tropical depressions that entered the west of l50 degrees east longitude and the north of l0 degrees north latitude, and the maximum wind force near the center was 8, according to the sequence of occurrence every year. This is the "Typhoon X this year (tropical storm, strong tropical storm)" that we heard or saw on radio and television.
The number of typhoons is also the number of tropical cyclones. People want to number tropical cyclones, on the one hand, because a tropical cyclone often lasts for more than a week, and several tropical cyclones may appear in the ocean at the same time. With the serial number, there will be no confusion; On the other hand, the naming, definition, classification method and determination of the center position of tropical cyclones are different in different countries and methods, even in the same country, they are not exactly the same among different meteorological stations, which often leads to various misunderstandings and confusion in use.
Starting from 1959, China began to number the tropical cyclones (tropical storms and above) that occur or enter the Pacific Ocean and South China Sea north of the equator and west of 180 degrees east longitude every year according to the sequence of their occurrence. Offshore tropical cyclone. In the case of clear cloud structure and circulation, as long as the maximum average wind force near the center is above 7, it is also numbered. The serial number consists of four digits. The first two digits represent the year. The last two digits are the serial numbers of tropical cyclones above storm level in that year. For example, in 2003, Typhoon Du Fu 13, its serial number was O3 13. , representing the tropical cyclone with storm level 13 or above that occurred in 2003. Tropical depression and tropical disturbance are not numbered.
Naming of typhoon
At the beginning of the 20th century, people began to name typhoons. It is said that the first person to name a typhoon was an Australian forecaster in the early 20th century. He named tropical cyclones as political figures he didn't like, so that meteorologists could call them publicly. In the northwest Pacific, the official naming of typhoons began with 1945. At first, only female names were used. Later, it is said that due to the opposition of feminists, starting from 1979, men's names and women's names were used alternately. Until 1997, 1 65438+1October 25th to 65438+February1,the 30th meeting of the Typhoon Committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) held in Hong Kong decided that tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea should be named in Asian style, and it was decided that tropical cyclones in the year of 2000 should be named in the Asian style. The new naming method is to make a naming table in advance and then reuse it year after year in sequence. There are 140 names in the naming list, which are provided by 14 member countries and regions in the Asia-Pacific region, such as Cambodia, China, North Korea, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Laos, China, Macau, Malaysia, Micronesia, the Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam. Each country or region provides 65,438+00 names. The 140 names are divided into 10 groups, and each group has 14 names. According to the alphabetical order of the English names of the member countries, it is recycled in turn, that is, the nomenclature table of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. At the same time, keep the original tropical cyclone number. Specifically, each name does not exceed 9 letters; Easy to pronounce; There is no bad meaning in each member's language; Will not bring any difficulties to members; Not the name of a commercial organization; All members should endorse the selected name. If any member objects, this name cannot be used as a typhoon name.
Browse the typhoon naming table. Names are rarely used, mostly animals, plants, food and so on. There are also some names that are adjectives or beautiful legends, such as Yutu and Wukong. The name "Rhododendron" was provided by China, which is the familiar Rhododendron: "Korowang" that landed in China a while ago was provided by Cambodia, which is the name of a tree: "Morak" was provided by Thailand, which means jade; "Ibudu" is a name provided by the Philippines, which means chimney or water pipe to discharge rainwater from the roof into the ditch.
The actual naming and use of typhoons is the responsibility of Tokyo Regional Professional Meteorological Center of Japan Meteorological Agency. When a tropical cyclone in the northwest Pacific or the South China Sea is determined by the Japan Meteorological Agency as a tropical storm intensity, it will be named according to the list and given a four-digit number. The first two digits of the number are the year, and the last two digits are the order of tropical storms in that year. For example, Tropical Storm No.4 in 0704 and 07.
According to the regulations, a tropical cyclone's name will remain unchanged throughout its life cycle, whether it is strengthened or weakened. For example, tropical storm 0704, severe tropical storm and typhoon are all called Manyi in English and Manyi in Chinese. In order to avoid unnecessary confusion caused by multiple translators, the Central Meteorological Observatory in China, the Hong Kong Observatory and the Geophysical and Meteorological Observatory in Macau, China decided on a unified set of Chinese translations.
Under normal circumstances, the pre-made naming table is recycled year after year in sequence, but under special circumstances, the naming table will also be adjusted. For example, when a typhoon is notorious for causing particularly serious disasters or casualties, it becomes a well-known typhoon. In order to prevent it from having the same name as other typhoons, members of the Typhoon Committee may apply to delete its name from the naming list, that is, the name will be given to the tropical cyclone forever, and other tropical cyclones will no longer use it. When the name of a typhoon is deleted from the name list, the Typhoon Committee will supplement the name of a tropical cyclone according to the suggestions of relevant members.
From June 5438+1 October1in 2000, when the Central Meteorological Observatory issued the tropical cyclone warning, it used not only the tropical cyclone number, but also the tropical cyclone name. Previously, China has been using tropical cyclone numbering method.
Nomenclature of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea
Serial number English name Chinese name source meaning
1- 1 Dari Cambodian Elephant
1-2 China Wang Long, the mythical rain god.
1-3 Kirogi Hongyan A migratory bird from North Korea died in Qiu Lai, North Korea in the spring.
1-4 Kai Tak Kai Tak China Hong Kong Old Airport Name
1-5 Tembin Libra Japanese Libra
1-6 Boravan Bulavin Lao Highlands
1-7 Pearl China Macau Pearl
1-8 Gerawat Gerahua is a freshwater fish in Malaysia.
1-9 Ewenil Evini, the traditional god of storms in Chuuk, Micronesia.
1- 10 Bilis Billis Philippine speed
1- 1 1 gemeimeg Korean ant
1- 12 Prapiron Prapiron Thai Rain God
1- 13 Maria, American lady's name (Chamorro)
1- 14 Venus, Sang Mei.
2- 1 Bopha Baoxia Cambodia flower name
2-2 Wukong Wukong China the Monkey King
2-3 Sonamu pine trees in North Korea can take root on rocky cliffs and are evergreen all the year round.
2-4 Shanshan China Hongkong girl's name Shanshan
Japan 2-5 Yagi Capricorn Capricorn
2-6 Xiangshan Elephant God Old Elephant
2-7 Bebinca Bebijia Macao milk pudding
2-8 Rumbia Wambia Malaysian Palm Trees
2-9 Soulik Suli, Micronesia's Traditional Chiefdom of Pohnpei
2- 10 West Malone West Malone Philippine Bison
2- 1 1 Chebi Swallow Korea Swallow
2- 12 durian Thailand durian Thai favorite fruit
2- 13 Uterut American squall line (Marshall)
2- 14 Trami Tan Mei Vietnamese flower
3- 1 Kong-rey Connie, a lovely girl in Khmer legend in Cambodia.
3-2 Jade Rabbit Jade Rabbit China Myth and Legend
3-3 Zhi Tao Toraji is a flower in the mountains of North Korea.
3-4 China Wan Yi Wanyi Port Strait, now a reservoir.
3-5 days rabbit sky map Japanese sky map constellation
3-6 Pabuk Pabuk Lao freshwater fish
3-7 butterflies in Macao
3-8 Sepat, a freshwater fish in Malaysia.
3-9 Fitofit is a beautiful and fragrant flower of Micronesia (yuppie).
3- 10 Danish-Philippine experience
3- 1 1 Nari Lily is a kind of flower in Korea.
3- 12 Vipa Vipa Thai lady's name
3- 13 Francisco van Gogh American male name (Chamorro)
3- 14 Lekima Lichima Vietnamese Fruit
4- 1 Rosa Cambodian Crausaz crane
4-2 Haiyan Haiyan is a seabird in China.
4-3 Willow trees planted in both urban and rural areas of North Korea.
4-4 Lingling Lingling China Hongkong girl's name
4-5 Kajiki Sailfish Japanese Sailfish Constellation
4-6 Name of the old lady Fase Fase
4-7 Thrushcross Birds in Macau
4-8 Tapataba is a freshwater fish in Malaysia.
4-9 Name of Ms. Mitagmina Micronesia (Yap)
4- 10 Philippine brown swift
4- 1 1 noguri raccoon dog
4- 12 ramason ramma sun Raytheon Thailand
4-13 Chata an Chatea an American Rain (Chamorro)
4- 14 Name of Halong Bay in Xia Lang, Vietnam
Cambodian flowers of 5- 1 nakrinakry.
5-2 Fengshen, the Fengshen in China mythology.
5-3 Kalmaegi Seagull A seabird of North Korea
5-4 Phoenix Phoenix China Hongkong Peak Name
5-5 Northern Corona Japanese Northern Corona Constellation
5-6 Phanfone Lao animals
5-7 wasp, a kind of insect in Macao
5-8 Rusa Lusha Malaysian deer
5-9 Sinla Kusen Lake Cosray, the legendary goddess of Micronesia
5- 10 Hagupit Philippine Whip
5- 1 1 Long Honey Rose Korean Flower Name
5- 12 miklami Cratere angel
American fig tree (Chamorro)
5- 14 Bavi Bavi is a mountain name in northern Vietnam.
6- 1 Maysak Mesak Cambodia Tree
6-2 Poseidon, Poseidon in China mythology.
6-3 Impatiens is a beautiful flower in North Korea.
6-4 Name of Yan Yan Xinxin China Hongkong Girl
6-5 whales and dolphins with excellent voice
A tree in Laos
6-7 Lin Fa Lian Hua A flower in Macau
6-8 Malaysian fruits
6-9 Soudelor, Pohnpei, Soudelor, the legendary chief of Micronesia
6- 10 Ibrado Philippine funnel
Lv Huiyi swan is a kind of bird from South Korea.
6- 12 Ha Numan China Interesting monkeys in Thailand.
6- 13 Ai Tao Ai Tao American Storm Cloud (Palau)
A river in southern Vietnam.
7- 1 Krovanh Krovanh Cambodia tree
7-2 A flower of Rhododendron China.
7-3 North Korea's Meimei Cicada is a cicada.
7-4 Caiyun Caiyun China Hongkong
7-5 Koppu jujue Japanese jujue constellation
7-6 A tree in Laos
7-7 Palma Palma Macau A Macao cooking style.
7-8 Jasmine is a flower in Malaysia.
7-9 NiPatac Niebert, a famous soldier in Micronesia (Cosley)
Philippine cruel organization
7- 1 1 Sudal Sute South Korean otter
7- 12 name of Ms. Nida Nidatai
7- 13 Omais OMAIS roaming the United States (Palau)
7- 14 hongkong letter business Kang Sen Vietnamese monument
8- 1 A flower in Cambodia
8-2 The God of Thunder and Lightning in the Myths of Dian Mu, Dian Mu and China
8-3 Taraxacum Mindule A small Korean yellow flower.
8-4 Tingting Tingting China Hong Kong girl's name
8-5 Compass Japanese Compass Constellation
No.8-6, Henan Chuan, Laos
8-7 Macao Gem Ma Lou Agate
8-8 Moranti Moranti Malaysian Tree
8-9 Rananim Yunna Hello, Micronesia (Chuk)
8- 10 Malacas Marka The Philippines is strong and powerful.
8- 1 1 catfish Korean fish
8- 12 Chaba Siam Thailand tropical flowers
8- 13 Kudu American Cloud in Kodo (Marshallese)
8- 14 Songda Sanda Vietnam, a river in northwest Vietnam
9- 1 Surrey Casari Cakampuchea finch
9-2 Hippocampus A fish from China.
9-3 Meari Mire North Korea Echo
9-4 Name of China Hongkong Peak with Saddle Shape
9-5 Tokamak Tokamak Japanese Tokamak constellation
9-6 Nock-10 Lao bird
9-7 plum blossom is a kind of flower in Macao.
A bird in Malaysia
9-9 Nanmadol Nanmadu Micronesia's famous Bonape site
9- 10 Taras Taras Sharp, Philippines
9- 1 1 Noru Olu Korea roe deer
9- 12 Kularb rose, a flower in Thailand
9- 13 Roke ROCK American male name (Chamorro)
A singing bird in Vietnam
10- 1 Nesat Cambodian fishermen in Shana
10-2 begonia begonia China flower
10-3 Nargainig North Korea is alive and flying freely.
10-4 banyan is a kind of tree in Hongkong, China.
10-5 Washi skyhawk Japanese skyhawk constellation
10-6 Mai Sha Mai Sha old mermaid
10-7 Sanwu coral is an aquatic organism in Macao.
Mawamawa Malaysia Rose
10-9 ancient super-dense spices (condiments) (yuppies)
The obvious edge of the Philippines
10- 1 1 Navi butterfly Korean butterfly
10- 12 Thai Kanu Thai fruit
American Ms. Vicente (Chamorro)
10- 14 Saola Sula, an animal recently discovered in Vietnam.
Typhoons that have been removed from the list at present.
In 2006, Typhoon Canzhu caused a total of 104 deaths and lost1200 million US dollars in the Philippines, southeastern China and Taiwan Province Province.
In 2006, Tropical Storm Billis caused 672 deaths and 4.4 billion US dollars in losses in the Philippines, Taiwan Province Province and southeastern China.
In 2006, Typhoon Sang Mei killed 458 people in Mariana Islands, Philippine, Taiwan Province Province and southeastern China, with losses amounting to $2.5 billion. Typhoon Xiangshan in 2006 caused 279 deaths and 747 million dollars in losses in the Philippines, Hainan, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. In 2006, Typhoon Durian caused more than 8 19 deaths in the Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand, and the economic losses were incalculable.
Advantages and disadvantages of typhoon
In addition to bringing serious disasters such as storms to the landing areas, typhoons also have certain benefits.
According to statistics, the typhoon rainfall in Southeast Asian countries, including China and the United States, accounts for more than 1/4 of the total rainfall in these areas, so without typhoons, the agricultural difficulties in these countries would be unimaginable; In addition, typhoons play an important role in regulating the earth's heat and maintaining the heat balance. As we all know, tropical areas receive the most solar radiation heat, so the climate is also the hottest, while cold areas are just the opposite. Due to the activity of typhoon, the heat in tropical areas is dispersed to high latitudes, which compensates the heat in cold areas. If there is no typhoon, the climate in tropical areas will get hotter and hotter, while in cold areas it will get colder and colder, and the temperate zone on the natural earth will no longer exist, and many animals and plants will become extinct because it is difficult to adapt. This will be a very terrible scene.
The disaster of typhoon
Typhoon is a very destructive and disastrous weather system, but sometimes it can also play a beneficial role in eliminating drought. Its harmfulness mainly includes three aspects:
(1) Strong wind. The maximum wind force near the typhoon center is generally above 8.
② Heavy rain. Typhoon is one of the strongest rainstorm weather systems. Generally, it can produce rainfall of150 mm ~ 1 000 mm in the area where typhoons pass, and a few typhoons can produce heavy rain above1000 mm. The torrential rain caused by Typhoon No.3 in the upper reaches of Huaihe River 1975 created the extreme value of heavy rain in Chinese mainland and caused the "75.8" flood in Henan.
③ Storm surge. Generally, typhoons will increase water in coastal waters, and the maximum water increase in coastal areas of Jiangsu Province can reach 3m. Typhoon "9608" and "97 1 1" increased water, which made Jiangsu's coastal areas along the Yangtze River have a super-historical climax.
Prevention and control of typhoon
Strengthening the monitoring and forecasting of typhoons is an important measure to reduce typhoon disasters. Meteorological satellites are mainly used to detect typhoons. The existence and size of the typhoon can be clearly seen on the satellite cloud picture. Using meteorological satellite data, we can determine the location of typhoon center, estimate the intensity of typhoon, monitor the direction and speed of typhoon movement, and the area where severe storms occur, which plays a key role in preventing and mitigating typhoon disasters. When the typhoon reaches the offshore, the radar can also detect it. There are also forecasters of meteorological stations, who, based on all kinds of information obtained, analyze the trend of typhoons, the place and time of landing, issue typhoon forecasts, typhoon emergency reports or emergency warnings in time, serve the public through television, radio and other media, and provide decision-making basis for governments at all levels. Issuing typhoon forecast or emergency report is an important measure to reduce typhoon disaster.