The World War II not only changed the pattern of international relations, but also the third scientific and technological revolution in the late World War II pushed human history into the "electronic information age". The second world war weakened Britain and France and will become a second-class country, which greatly changed the world pattern, making the stage of international relations centered on Europe a thing of the past and replaced it with the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union.
How did the Yalta system come into being? The Cairo Conference, Tehran Conference, Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference defined the main contents of the Yalta system. What is the essence of Yalta system? The Yalta system is based on the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union, and the United States and the Soviet Union divide their spheres of influence in the world by virtue of their military and economic strength. The United States expanded its military and economic strength after World War II and intended to lead the whole world. As the war intensifies, the Soviet military forces also want to play a role in international affairs. Therefore, due to ideological differences and conflicts of national interests, the two countries changed from wartime allies to postwar opponents, and their confrontation experienced two stages: "Cold War" and "hegemony".
After World War II, the voice to curb * * * industrialism became louder and louder. The United States played the role of an international gendarmerie and pursued a cold war policy towards the Soviet Union except war. The expression of the cold war policy in public opinion is Churchill's "iron curtain speech", which is the signal of the cold war; The political expression of the Cold War policy is Truman Doctrine, which is the declaration of the Cold War and the symbol of American global expansion. The economic performance of the Cold War policy is the implementation of Marshall Plan, which is the large-scale application of Truman Doctrine in economy. The military and political performance of the Cold War policy is the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact is the symbol of the confrontation between the two camps.
In the 1960s, the Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated due to the hegemonic policy pursued by the Soviet Union, and the Oriental Group ceased to exist. In the 1970s, the economies of Europe and Japan rose, demanding economic and political independence and not wanting to follow in the footsteps of the United States. As a result, the capitalist camp split, and the confrontation between the two camps was finally replaced by the hegemony of the United States and the Soviet Union.
The hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union went through three stages: the first stage, in the 1950s and 1960s, was characterized by mutual attack and defense, and its representative event was the Cuban missile crisis; The second stage, from 1960s to 1970s, was characterized by the Soviet Union's attack on the United States, and its representative events were the Soviet Union's attack on Afghanistan and Nixon's adjustment of foreign policy. The third stage, the 1980s, was characterized by the American invasion of the Soviet Union, and the representative event was the American Star Wars plan.
The Yalta system has changed for forty or fifty years, and the United States can no longer dominate western European countries as it used to. They demand independent economic development and independent foreign policy. At the same time, Eastern European countries are also opposing Soviet control and actively seeking to develop relations with the West. What is the prospect of the bipolar pattern?
In the 1970s, the economies of the United States, Europe and Japan stood on three pillars, and the economic hegemony of the United States was shaken. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the disintegration of the bipolar pattern. The development of Russian economy and the sudden emergence of China's reform and opening up have all become one pole of multipolarization, and the bipolar pattern has evolved into a multipolar trend in the world. The emergence of multipolarization in today's world is different from the evolution of the previous three world patterns: first, there is no new world war; Second, do not impose the will of the victorious country on the defeated country; Third, the formation of the new world pattern will be a slow evolution process.
yalta system
Background (conditions): It was formed on the basis of great changes in the balance of world power after World War II, and the United States became the number one power in the capitalist world; Countries such as Britain and France are weak, and Germany and Japan mean defeated countries; The Soviet Union has strengthened its economic and military strength and become the only country in the world that can compete with the United States.
Concept: After World War II, world powers began to re-divide world territories and spheres of influence and establish a new pattern of international relations in accordance with the basic principles established by international conferences such as Yalta.
Essence: The divided world between the United States and the Soviet Union bears the brand of great power politics.
Content: The specific content was mainly established at Yalta Conference, including Cairo Conference, Tehran Conference and Potsdam Conference. The contents mainly include: dealing with the defeated country and preventing fascism from coming back; Re-establish the post-war political map of Europe and Asia, and redraw the boundaries of fascist defeated countries and their occupied areas; Establish the United Nations.
Evolution: from World War II to the mid-1950s: the confrontation between the two camps (the formation of NATO-China Treaty is one of the manifestations of this confrontation); It began in the late 1950s, manifested as the hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union, and ended in the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. The bipolar pattern of the world in this period is the basic feature of the world. The factors that affect this pattern are: Japan, Western Europe and the Third World, developing towards multipolarization.
Features: (1) The Cold War is the main form of confrontation.
(2) Confrontation is omnibearing. Political, economic and military ideology.
(3) As allies of both sides, the United States and the Soviet Union played a leading role in the struggle.
(4) The contest of this pattern ended with the absolute superiority of capitalism led by the United States.
Evaluation: Yalta system is the product of the victory of socialist countries, capitalist democratic countries and anti-fascist countries, and plays a positive role.
(1) embodies the principle of peace and democracy to a certain extent, indicating that countries with different social systems and ideologies can live in peace as long as they respect each other and are willing to cooperate.
(2) Making the world smoothly realize the transition from war to peace is conducive to maintaining world peace.
(3) It has promoted the development and victory of people's democracy, socialism and national liberation.
(4) It has created conditions for world economic development and scientific and technological revolution.
The Yalta system is based on the wartime military balance between the United States and the Soviet Union, and it is the product of long-term mutual compromise among the three great powers of the United States, Britain and France. Negative effects:
(1) embodies the power politics of big countries.
(2) redrawing national boundaries, splitting the country and causing great population migration.
(3) Maintaining and forming unequal international relations and economic order has brought adverse effects on the social and economic development of many countries.
(4) The military polarization and confrontation between the two major military blocs have become the source of international tension and war danger after the war.
It marks that the traditional international pattern centered on Europe has been replaced by the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union, and international relations have entered a new era.
Comparison between Versailles-Washington system and Yalta system;
Similarities:
(1) are all based on the destruction of the original world system by the world war.
(2) They redefined the world territory and sphere of influence and established a new international system through the basic principles established by a series of meetings;
(3) They all reflect the will of great powers, and the content reflects the ups and downs of great powers before and after the Great War, and they are branded as great powers.
(4) All countries are disintegrated and destroyed with the growth and decline of their strength.
Difference:
(1) Versailles-Washington system embodies the will of imperialist powers such as Britain, France and the United States; The Yalta system embodies the will of the United States and the Soviet Union.
(2) The former adjusts the relations between imperialist countries, while the latter is a temporary compromise between capitalist countries and socialist countries.
(3) It is a traditional international pattern centered on Europe; The latter goes beyond the scope of Europe and reflects the decline of Europe's status.
(4) The former is based on the plundering of the defeated country by the victorious country, and will inevitably go bankrupt with the rise of Germany and others; The latter is a compromise between the two victorious countries.
(5) The main contradiction of the former is the contradiction between the victorious country, the defeated country and the victorious country; The latter is the contradiction between two different social systems.