Civilization is divided into several periods. Formed in 800-500 BC, it experienced the classical era (that is, 500 BC to 336 BC) and the Hellenistic era (that is, 336 BC to 3 1 year BC). Greek civilization reached its peak in the 5th century BC. In BC 146, Greece was conquered by Rome. Greek civilization was replaced by Roman civilization.
Important events in history are:
In 1 and 12 BC, with the invasion of Trojans, Greece fell into a "dark age". Homer's epic describes the war between Greeks and Trojans (Eliat and Odessa). It should be noted here that the time described in Homer's epic is not the time when Homer lived. Homer lived in 700 BC.
2. In the 6th century BC, the Greek world began to change completely, paving the way for the later classical era. The two important city-states are Athens and Sparta. Athens developed a completely different society. In 594 BC, Solon became the CEO of Athens. His contribution is that he laid the foundation for the establishment of the famous Athenian democracy in the future. Athens had a prominent position at that time, because it played the most important role in defeating the huge Persian Empire. Herodotus, the father of history, has a detailed description in his history books.
3. Due to the panic of Sparta caused by the continuous expansion of Athens, the Peloponnesian War broke out in 43 1 BC. The war ended in the defeat of Athens. Thucydides, the greatest historian in history, described the war in detail in his works.
After the Peloponnesian War, Sparta was overbearing, and Thebes and Athens formed a new alliance to protect each other. In 37 1 BC, King Philip II of Macedonia defeated the allied forces of Thebes and Athens, and his world-famous son Alexander the Great ruled Greece. At this point, the classical era is over and the Hellenistic era is about to begin.
Greece in classical times produced a group of philosophers and playwrights. Philosophers are mainly represented by Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates put forward the importance of free debate. Plato's goal is to realize a society that can not only maintain aristocratic privileges, but also be accepted by the poor class, which constitutes the basis of idealism. Alex Dodd seeks order in all aspects of nature and human society. Playwrights include Aeschylus, aristophanes and Sophocles. During this period, Greece also produced mathematicians like Archimedes and Euclid, and great historians like Herodotus and Thucydides.
Greek art and architecture are the highest expression of the temple. The Parthenon, the sacred place of the famous Acropolis, was built by the goddess Athena.
Next, we turned from Greek civilization to Roman civilization.
Hellenistic era and early Roman era blended with each other, and finally transitioned to Roman era. The Roman era experienced the early Republic (509-264 BC), the late Republic (265-27 BC), the early Empire (27 BC-284 AD) and the late Empire (284-476 AD). In 500 BC, Rome began its career as an independent city-state. After three wars of Bunol, Rome gradually satisfied its desire to conquer. Julius Caesar became famous in the war. In 27 BC, the Senate awarded Octavian the titles of "Augustus" and "Grand Marshal", from which the early Roman Empire was formed. In the next two centuries, the territory of the Roman Empire reached the largest scope, and the culture was also in its heyday. This historical period is called "Roman Peace". But Rome's greatness is limited to this. In 180, with the death of Kyle Aurelius, the great era of Rome ended. In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was completely divided into the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. In 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire fell. In A.D. 1453, the Eastern Roman Empire was occupied by Turks.
Speaking of Roman culture, it basically originated from Greece, but the Romans also made great contributions in ideology.
The most important contribution of the Romans to European culture is the Roman law they created.
In terms of political culture, the following important figures appeared in Rome:
1. Caesar He was a statesman and strategist in ancient Rome. He has also made great achievements in literature. Representative works handed down from generation to generation include Battle of Gaul and Civil War. For him, we should remember a famous saying: "I came, I saw, I conquered."
Cicero was a statesman, philosopher and the most important orator in ancient Rome. The main achievements are speeches and letters.
Lucretius was one of the main poets in the late Roman Republic, advocating materialism, atheism and atomism. His works include the philosophical poem On Nature.
Virgil is the most important writer in Roman literature. The masterpiece is Anid.
In architecture and art, the Romans also made outstanding contributions. Such as the Colosseum in ancient Rome, the Pantheon in Rome built in 27 BC, and the female wolf sculpture.
The achievements of ancient Roman culture are mainly manifested in natural science, history and law. Agriculture in ancient Rome occupied an important position, so it made great achievements in agronomy. Important works include Cato's Agricultural Yearbook, Varo's On Agriculture and Krumera's On Agriculture. Ptolemy is an important representative of astronomy and geography, and he is the author of "Large Astronomical System" and "Guide to Geography". Long-span dome is a typical form of Romanesque architecture. The representative works of literature and history mainly include Caesar's Battle of Gaul and Plutarch's Biography, which are both historical masterpieces and prose masterpieces. Famous poets include Virgil, Horace and Ovid, whose influence extended to the Renaissance. Important historical works include Tacitus' History and Chronicle. Roman law and jurisprudence reached the peak of the ancient world, which had a considerable impact on modern European and American countries. Its first written law was the Twelve Copper Tables Law. The philosophical achievements mainly include Cicero's On the Definition of Good and Evil.