Confucius' teaching thoughts are very rich. He is good at understanding students' personality, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, step by step, opposing learning to stay in perceptual knowledge, advocating active thinking and learning to think on the basis of erudition. He asked teachers to set an example and practice, combining "never tire of learning" with "never tire of teaching", and students should "do their duty as teachers".
Confucius regards "benevolence" as the highest morality, that is, "love". Confucius compiled the Spring and Autumn Annals, The Book of Songs, Shangshu and other works, and sorted out the six famous classics, namely, Poetry, Calligraphy, Ritual, Yi, Yue and Spring and Autumn Annals. Confucius' remarks were collected by his disciples in The Analects of Confucius. See the third and fourth volumes of Confucius.
Mencius (372- 289 BC) was an ancient thinker and educator in China. Mingke, a Chinese character, was born in Luzou (now Zouxian County, Shandong Province).
Based on the people-oriented thought, Mencius opposed the merger war and put forward the idea of "benevolent government" Mencius believed that education was mainly for "understanding human relations", and the educated could understand and abide by the hierarchical system of feudal society. He believes that learning should take the right path and keep learning, so that he can have profound attainments, understand things tacitly and become his own knowledge wealth.
Mencius' whole educational thought is based on "good nature" and pays attention to "nurturing" and "nurturing". The existing book Mencius is generally regarded by his students as a record of his words and deeds, which is an important material for studying Mencius' educational thought. Mencius, The Analects of Confucius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean, collectively known as the four books, have been the main teaching materials of feudal education since the Song and Ming Dynasties.
Xun Kuang (formerly 3 13- formerly 238)
China was an outstanding thinker and educator in the pre-Qin period.
Xun Kuang clearly pointed out that the purpose of education is to cultivate scholars, gentlemen and saints, and give full play to the role of education in the country. He believes that there is no distinction between nobility and inferiority, wisdom and ignorance, and rich and poor in life. The only force that distinguishes people is education, and the environment also has positive or negative effects on people. He put forward the theory of "evil nature", thinking that education can turn evil nature into good nature. Xun Kuang attaches importance to moral education, and "propriety and righteousness" is the core of his moral education theory. In addition, he also put forward teaching methods such as "emphasizing learning and practicing", "giving consideration to learning and thinking", "keeping one heart and one mind" and "step by step". Xun Kuang believes that teachers play a huge role in teaching. They have absolute authority and pay special attention to teachers' dignity.
Xunzi is a book compiled by later generations, with a total of 32 articles, which is the main material for studying Xunzi's thought. See the third and fourth volumes of Xunzi.
Dong Zhongshu (former 179- former 104)
China was a Confucian thinker and educator in the Western Han Dynasty.
Dong Zhongshu's educational thought is based on the theory of human nature. It is believed that the role of education for social groups is to prevent malignancy and cultivate goodness, while the role for individuals is to do good. Dong Zhongshu once put forward three important policies: ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone; Establishing imperial academy and reforming the system of selecting scholars; Enlighten and educate the people. In terms of educational methods, it pays attention to singleness and quietness, encourages diligence and erudition, and believes that moral education must be carried out through intellectual education.
There are only 82 works in Fan Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period 17.
Wen Weng, a native of the Western Han Dynasty, is a famous party.
Educators in the Western Han Dynasty.
Jingdi was the prefect of Shu County at that time. During this period, he advocated enlightenment, taught people to learn calligraphy, sent more than 65,438 +00 county officials to Kyoto to study Confucianism, set up schools in Chengdu, and selected officials' children to enter school. Attach importance to the cultivation of students' political ability. Emperor Jingdi rewarded Wen Weng with the promotion of learning, and Wen Weng's promotion of learning was the beginning of local government's establishment of schools in the history of China, which also had a certain relationship with the formation of social atmosphere.
Wang Chong (27- about 97)
China was a materialist philosopher and educator in Han Dynasty.
Starting from the viewpoint that human nature can be changed, Wang Chong believes that human knowledge, talent and moral quality are all formed and changed under the influence of education and environment. He admitted that etiquette, music, shooting and imperial examination education were the main educational contents. It is pointed out that learning must be obtained through the sensory organs of ears and eyes, and rational thinking should be carried out with the brain. He criticized feudal theology and put forward some materialistic educational thoughts.
Main works: On Balance, Ridiculous Vulgarity, Government Affairs, Self-cultivation, etc.
Yan Zhitui (53 1- about 595)
China was a thinker and educator in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
It completely inherits Confucius' transcendental view of "being wise above others and being foolish below others" and emphasizes Chinese education. Children are required to mainly study Confucian classics and become diligent, knowledgeable, versatile, pragmatic and practical talents. Pay attention to family education, advocate early education for children, and even think that family education should start with prenatal education, and advocate paying attention to correct language education for children. It is suggested that when reading, we should be open-minded, and teachers and friends should be the same, so as to educate scholar-officials with "practical learning" and make them become the talents needed by the country.
Yan Zhitui's works include 20 Family Instructions of Yan Family and 3 volumes of Revenge.
Zhou Dunyi (10 17- 1073)
Philosopher and educator in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Zhou Dunyi's education advocates the aim of "learning to be excellent and becoming an official", and holds that the purpose of education is to reward people with good and evil and seek "benevolence and righteousness". He particularly emphasized the primary position of moral education in education, and thought that "the gentleman's learning is in virtue" is the basis of learning, and knowledge is a tool to serve moral education. In terms of education and learning methods, he advocates relying on his own learning and thinking, as well as the guiding role of teachers and friends.
His works, such as Shu Tong and Illustration of Taiji, were compiled into Zhou Ziquan's Book and Zhou Lian Xi's Collection by later generations.
Hao Cheng (1032- 1085) and Franz Chen (1033-107).
Two famous Neo-Confucianists and Educators in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Philosophically, the thought of giving priority to Tao and supplementing Qi laid a theoretical foundation for Zhu's objective idealism in the Southern Song Dynasty. Politically, he strongly opposed Wang Anshi's idea of political reform and reform, and advocated that the rule of virtue should be given priority to and the rule of law should be given consideration. Cheng Er regards learning to be a saint as the purpose of education, and requires cultivating the mind, strengthening self-cultivation, understanding and mastering knowledge with rational feelings, integrating knowledge with practice, and paying attention to reading methods.
Er Cheng was the founder of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, and later scholars included his exposition in The Complete Book of Er Cheng.
Zhu (1 130- 1200)
Philosopher and educator in Southern Song Dynasty.
Song Dynasty was a master of Neo-Confucianism. The core of Zhu's philosophical thought is "reason", which is an absolute spirit that is detached from things, ubiquitous and independent from nature. In education, rebuild Bailudong Academy, formulate the academic charter of Bailudong Academy, and restore Yuelu Academy. After taking part in politics, he taught for 50 years. This paper puts forward the educational and learning purposes of Ming Ren Lun, attaches importance to children's education and university education, and also puts forward teaching methods and principles such as timely inspiration and orderly teaching. His students summarized their reading methods as follows: step by step, read carefully, swim modestly, observe themselves carefully, work hard, and maintain respect and determination.
Zhu's Children's Books, Notices for Primary Schools and Records of Recent Thoughts became textbooks for feudal schools at the end of the Song Dynasty. The works that laid the foundation of Neo-Confucianism include Xi Ming Jie Yi and The Analects of Confucius.
Lu Jiuyuan (1139-1193)
Thinker and educator in Southern Song Dynasty.
Affirm that "reason" is an eternal feudal morality and advocate idealism. This paper puts forward the educational purpose of "understanding, keeping a heart and being a man", and also puts forward the basic viewpoint of moral education of "self-denial, introspection and good advice". Taking moral education and self-cultivation as the only educational content, it inherits the traditional spirit of Confucian education. It is advocated that teaching should follow the principles of self-reliance, paying attention to psychological education, traveling reading and arousing doubts and thinking.
Author of The Complete Works of Xiangshan.
Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19)
Thinkers, writers and educators in the middle Tang Dynasty.
Liu Zongyuan paid attention to education all his life, thinking that a gentleman is not born, emphasizing acquired learning, advocating extensive reading and learning from others. His view of teachers and students has a certain spirit of democracy and equality. Liu Zongyuan repeatedly criticized the corrupt education system at that time and opposed the imperial examination system. Throughout his life, he not only attached importance to educational theory, but also attached great importance to educational practice. It is believed that a gentleman should mainly learn Confucian classics and practical knowledge to benefit others and the world.
Liu Zongyuan's educational thought is mainly embodied in the Collected Works of Mr. Hedong.
Han Yu (768-827)
China is a writer, thinker and educator. Also known as Mr. Changli.
Han Yu is a local official and supports the promotion of local education. He regards school education as an important tool to rule the people and advocates that education should be juxtaposed with criminal law. The contents of education include poems, books, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period. In terms of teaching methods, it is put forward that "industry is good at diligence, while play is poor;" The idea that what is done is thought and destroyed is followed; In addition, it also attaches great importance to the teaching principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" advocated by pre-Qin Confucianism, and uses positive and negative examples to educate students. The essence of Han Yu's educational thought lies in his exposition of teachers' problems and his opposition to "being ashamed of being a teacher". Han Yu also attaches great importance to the issue of talents. Han Yu's educational thought contains simple materialism and dialectical factors.
His main educational thoughts are embodied in Teacher's Theory, Understanding of Learning, Ode to Learning in the Hometown Without Destroying the Wealth of Children, Family School of Chaozhou Dialect and Collected Works of Mr. Changli compiled by disciple Li Han.
Hu yuan (993- 1059)
Scholars and educators in the Northern Song Dynasty.
His academic position and educational achievements were quite famous in the Song Dynasty, and he once created the famous "Su Hu Teaching Method". Hu Yuan advocated the "orthodox learning" with Confucianism as the core and reflecting the interests of the feudal ruling class, and formed his own educational thought according to "learning from the past". Hu Yuan advocated going out of the study and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. In addition, he also attaches great importance to entertainment and sports. Hu Yuan's educational thoughts have a certain influence on Wang Anshi's and Yan Yuan's educational thoughts.
His main works are The Analects of Confucius, Hong Fan's Formula (two volumes), Chunqiu Formula (twelve volumes) and Jing You Yue Fu Shu.
Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086)
China was a writer, thinker and educator in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Wang Anshi believes that the purpose of education is to cultivate talents that can be used by all countries in the world. Emphasis is placed on the cultivation of feudal ethics and morality, and attention is paid to cultivating the ability and talent to engage in practical work. During the political reform, Wang Anshi carried out a series of reforms on the imperial examination system and the school system, and personally formulated relevant measures on the education system and the imperial examination system, which had a great influence on the later history of China feudal society. Wang Anshi made outstanding contributions to the development of China's ancient education theory and the reform of the national education system.
His educational thoughts are mainly concentrated in The Story of Shang Renzong, Fundamentalism, Shang Zhong Yong and Cixi County Records.
Wang Shouren (1472- 1528)
Master and educator of subjective idealism in the middle of Ming Dynasty.
The main contents of his philosophical thought are "mind is reason", "unity of knowledge and action" and "to conscience", which inherits and develops the theories of Mencius and Lu Jiuyuan. It is pointed out that the function of education is to restore conscience, and the principles and methods of teaching are the combination of learning and doing, self-satisfaction and independent thinking. Attach importance to children's education and emphasize the development of children's personality according to their acceptance.
Author of Wang Wen's Right to Success, 38 volumes.
Li Zhi (1527- 1602)
Thinker, writer and educator in the late Ming Dynasty.
Oppose the learning purpose of achieving success and pursuing fame and fortune, and advocate the learning purpose of "caring for the people of the world" and "governing the world", paying attention to both learning and being a man. Expose the poison of Neo-Confucianism education to the public with the theory of "childlike innocence" and advocate the educational viewpoint of "being faithful to one's own talents".
His main works include Collection of Books, Continued Collection of Books, Burning Books, etc.
Huang Zongxi (16 10- 1695)
Thinkers, historians and educators in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Known as Mr. Lizhou. He has unique views on astronomy, arithmetic, music, classics and history, and Buddhism. Philosophically, the quality of the human heart is the body of the public, and it is the thing of the public. Oppose the imperial examination system and think that schools are not only places to train talents, but also supervisory institutions of governments at all levels. According to the ideal of democratic political system, a school system composed of universities, primary schools and academies is put forward. The teaching content is practical, and it advocates the establishment of five classics, the art of war, calendar calculation, medical shooting and other subjects.
He is the author of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty.
Fuzhi Wang (16 19- 1692)
Philosopher and educator in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Known as Mr. Chuanshan.
Politically advocating loyalty and respect for the monarch; There is a philosophical view that consciousness and spirit depend on the material world. Based on his materialism, social evolution and the theory of human nature of "birthday comes true", this paper puts forward his educational thoughts, develops the ancient educational principles of combining "learning" with "thinking" and "knowing" with "doing", puts forward the educational teaching theory of "learning and thinking are mutually funded", and puts forward the teaching methods and principles of "paying equal attention to learning and thinking", and advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
Author of "Chuanshan's suicide note" and so on.
Tao Xingzhi (189 1- 1946)
China is a famous people's educator in modern history. 19 17 Columbia university returned to China and served as a professor at Nanjing normal university, director of education and director of education department at southeast university. 1920, Zhu heyan initiated the establishment of the China association for the promotion of civilian education, and served as the executive secretary, dedicated to the cause of civilian education. 1926, drafting and publishing the Declaration of China Education Reform Institute on Transforming Rural Education in China. 1927 founded Xiaozhuang Normal School as the principal. After the September 18th Incident, the National Disaster Education Society was organized, and the "Mountain and Sea Engineering Corps" was established, which advocated the practice of "Mr. Xiao" and "spreading as soon as you know". Initiate the establishment of life education society. Life Education is published bimonthly in 1934. After the December 29th Movement, he took an active part in the anti-Japanese democratic movement, and together with Shen Junru, he issued the declaration "Unite against aggression", proposing that education must serve the national revolution and the democratic revolution. From 65438 to 0945, he joined the China Democratic League and served as the Standing Committee of the Central Committee and Chairman of the Education Committee. He is the author of Complete Works of Tao Xingzhi (six volumes) and Universal Education (three episodes).
On the basis of criticizing Dewey's "education is life", Tao Xingzhi put forward the ideas of "life is education", "society is school" and "integration of teaching and learning", and formed the educational thought of "life education".