Red line: the socialist industrialization in Stalin's period was successful, but the agricultural collectivization was not very good. Formed the problem of agricultural malignant leg.

Khrushchev's economic reform began with the weak agriculture in the Soviet Union.

Black line: Khrushchev's reform only improved and repaired the highly centralized agricultural system in the Soviet Union, but did not touch the highly centralized collective farm system, so the backward situation of agricultural development has not been fundamentally changed.

Note: The collective farm system in the Soviet Union is essentially a socialist collective system, similar to the people's commune system implemented in China 1958- 1983. When farmers work collectively to earn wages, they have to hand over some agricultural products to the state, and the state buys some agricultural products, and the remaining agricultural products are distributed to individual farmers by farms. Farmers have their own plots, grow rations and vegetables to raise livestock and so on. In Stalin's era, the income of Soviet farmers was very low, and most farmers in Europe were basically well fed and their lives improved slowly. But harvesting requires agricultural machinery, and it is necessary to find a state-owned tractor station to spend money on harvesting the farm. Farmers have no right to operate independently. In the 1960s and 1970s, the collective farm system in the Soviet Union was further improved, and the agricultural situation in the Soviet Union continued to improve.

The living standard of collective farm farmers in the Soviet Union and Europe in the 1950s was roughly equivalent to that of Beijing in the middle and late 1990s.

Before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the living standards and welfare of farmers on collective farms were higher than those in Beijing.