Tool is a tool used for cutting in mechanical manufacturing, also known as cutting tool. Broadly speaking, cutting tools include cutting tools and abrasives. Most knives are used by machines, but some are used by hand. Because the tools used in mechanical manufacturing are basically used to cut metal materials, the word "tool" is generally understood as a metal cutting tool. Tools for cutting wood are called woodworking tools. The development of cutting tools plays an important role in the history of human progress. As early as the 28th century BC to the 20th century BC, brass cones, copper cones, drills, knives and other copper tools appeared in China. In the late Warring States period (3rd century BC), due to mastering carburizing technology, a copper cutter was made. At that time, drills and saws had some similarities with modern flat drills and saws. However, in the late18th century, with the development of steam engines and other machines, cutting tools developed rapidly. 1783, René of France first made a milling cutter. 1792, taps and dies made in Maudslay, UK. The earliest document about the invention of twist drill was recorded in 1822, but it was not produced as a commodity until 1864. At that time, the cutting tool was integral high-carbon tool steel, and the allowable cutting speed was about 5 meters per minute. 1868, the alloy tool steel containing tungsten was specially made in Muscher, England. 1898, American Taylor and White invented high-speed steel. 1923, Germany Schroeder invented cemented carbide. When alloy tool steel is used, the cutting speed of the tool is increased to about 8m/min, which is more than doubled when high speed steel is used, and more than doubled when cemented carbide is used, and the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the machined workpiece are also greatly improved. Due to the high price of high speed steel and cemented carbide, the cutting tool adopts welding and mechanical clamping structure. From 1949 to 1950, the United States began to use indexable inserts on turning tools, and soon it was applied to milling cutters and other tools. 1938, Germany's Degussai Company obtained a patent for ceramic tools. 1972, General Electric Company produced polycrystalline synthetic diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride blades. These non-metallic tool materials can make the tool cut at a higher speed. 1969, sandvik Iron and Steel Works, Sweden obtained the patent for producing titanium carbide coated cemented carbide blades by chemical vapor deposition. From 65438 to 0972, Bonsa and Ragulin in the United States developed the physical vapor deposition method, which coated a hard layer of titanium carbide or titanium nitride on the surface of cemented carbide or high-speed steel tools. The surface coating method combines the high strength and toughness of the matrix material with the high hardness and wear resistance of the surface layer, thus making this composite material have better cutting performance. According to the form of the machined surface of the workpiece, tools can be divided into five categories. Tools for processing various external surfaces, including turning tools, planers, milling cutters, broaches and files on the external surfaces; Hole processing tools, including drills, reamers, boring tools, reamers and broaches for inner surfaces; Thread processing tools, including taps, dies, automatic thread cutting heads, thread turning tools and thread milling cutters; Gear machining tools, including hob, gear shaper cutter, gear shaving cutter, bevel gear machining tool, etc. Cutting tools, including sawtooth circular saw, band saw, bow saw, cutting turning tool and saw blade milling cutter, etc. In addition, there are combined cutters. According to the cutting motion mode and the corresponding blade shape, tools can be divided into three categories. General tools, such as turning tools, planers, milling cutters (excluding shaping turning tools, shaping planers and shaping milling cutters), boring cutters, drill bits, reamers, reamers and saws, etc. Forming tools, the blade shape of which is the same as or almost the same as the cross-sectional shape of the workpiece to be processed, such as forming turning tools, forming planers, forming milling cutters, broaches, conical reamers and various thread processing tools; Generating cutter is used for machining gear tooth surface or similar workpiece, such as hob, gear shaper cutter, gear shaving cutter, bevel gear planer, bevel gear milling cutter and so on. The structure of various tools consists of a clamping part and a working part. The clamping part and the working part of the integral structure tool are both made on the tool body; The working part (tooth or blade) of the insert-tooth structure cutter is embedded in the cutter body. There are two types of clamping parts of tools: holes and handles. A holed cutter is sleeved on the spindle or spindle of a machine tool through an inner hole, and transmits torque through a shaft key or an end key, such as a cylindrical milling cutter and a nested face milling cutter. There are usually three kinds of tools with handles: rectangular handles, cylindrical handles and conical handles. Turning tools, planers, etc. Usually rectangular handle; The tapered handle bears axial thrust through taper and transmits torque through friction; Cylindrical handle is generally suitable for smaller twist drills, end mills and other tools. When cutting, torque is transmitted by friction generated during clamping. The handles of many tools with handles are made of low-alloy steel, while the working parts are made of high-speed steel by butt welding. The working part of the tool is the part that generates and processes chips, including the blade, the structure that breaks or rolls chips, the space for removing or storing chips, the channel of cutting fluid and other structural elements. The working part of some tools is cutting part, such as turning tool, planer, boring tool and milling cutter. The working part of some tools includes cutting part and calibration part, such as drill, reamer, internal surface broach and tap. The function of the cutting part is to chip with the blade, and the function of the calibration part is to make the machined surface smooth and guide the tool. There are three types of working parts of tools: integral, welded and mechanically clamped. The whole structure is to make a cutting edge on the cutter body; The welding structure is that the blade is brazed to the steel cutter body; There are two kinds of mechanical clamping structures, one is to clamp the blade on the cutter body, and the other is to clamp the brazed cutter head on the cutter body. Carbide tools are generally made into welding structure or mechanical clamping structure; Porcelain cutters all adopt mechanical clamping structure. The geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tool have great influence on cutting efficiency and machining quality. Increasing the rake angle can reduce the plastic deformation when the rake face squeezes the cutting layer, reduce the friction resistance of the chip flowing forward, and thus reduce the cutting force and cutting heat. However, increasing the rake angle will reduce the strength of the cutting edge and reduce the heat dissipation of the cutter head. When choosing the angle of tool, we need to consider the influence of many factors, such as workpiece material, tool material, machining performance (rough machining and finish machining) and so on. And we must make a reasonable choice according to the specific situation. Generally speaking, the tool angle refers to the marking angle used in manufacturing and measurement. Due to the different installation position of the tool and the change of cutting direction, the actual working angle and scoring angle are different, but this difference is usually very small. The materials used to make tools must have high high temperature hardness and wear resistance, necessary bending strength, impact toughness and chemical inertia, and good manufacturability (cutting, forging and heat treatment, etc.). ), and it is not easy to deform. Generally, materials have high hardness and wear resistance; When the bending strength is high, the impact toughness is also high. However, the higher the hardness of the material, the lower its bending strength and impact toughness. Because of its high bending strength, impact toughness and good machinability, high speed steel is still the most widely used tool material in modern times, followed by cemented carbide. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride is suitable for cutting hardened steel and hard cast iron with high hardness. Polycrystalline diamond is suitable for cutting nonferrous metals, alloys, plastics and FRP. Carbon tool steel and alloy tool steel are only used as tools such as files, dies and taps. The cemented carbide indexable insert has been coated with titanium carbide, titanium nitride, alumina hard layer or composite hard layer by chemical vapor deposition. The developing physical vapor deposition method can be used not only for cemented carbide tools, but also for high-speed steel tools, such as drills, hobs, taps and milling cutters. As a barrier to chemical diffusion and heat conduction, hard coating slows down the wear speed of tools, and the life of coated blades is more than 1 ~ 3 times longer than that of uncoated blades. Because parts work in high temperature, high pressure, high speed and corrosive fluid media, more and more difficult-to-machine materials are used, and the automation level of cutting and the requirements for machining accuracy are getting higher and higher. In order to adapt to this situation, the development direction of tools will be to develop and apply new tool materials; Further develop the vapor deposition coating technology of tools, and deposit a layer with higher hardness on the matrix with high toughness and high strength to better solve the contradiction between hardness and strength of tool materials; Further develop the structure of the rotary cutting machine; Improve tool manufacturing accuracy, reduce product quality differences, and optimize tool use. Tool materials can be roughly divided into the following categories: high-speed steel, cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline diamond. I mainly mention ceramics, which were used in cutting tools earlier than cemented carbide, but developed slowly because of its brittleness. But since the 1970s, it has developed rapidly. There are two main series of ceramic tool materials, namely alumina series and silicon nitride series. As a tool, ceramics have the advantages of low cost, high hardness and high temperature resistance, and have a good development prospect. It should be called a cutting tool. At present, the products at home and abroad are very different, and the tools are high-tech consumer goods! China Tool Net/is the largest tool blade industry portal in China! China Tool Network/In line with the service tenet of "based on tool blade industry and serving tool blade users". 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