Prostitutes are typical manifestations of sexual insults and sexual games, and they are also concrete manifestations of women's low status in a patriarchal society. This phenomenon further developed in Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During this period, a major development of prostitutes was the appearance of prostitution. Prostitution began in the Han Dynasty and went through the Six Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties. One day, there were no prostitutes in ancient times until Hanwu began to set up prostitutes and waited for soldiers without wives. In fact, as mentioned in the previous chapter, prostitutes appeared before Qin and Han Dynasties, and Gou Jian adopted the practice of "being a scholar" and Guan Zhong adopted the practice of "being a prostitute". But it was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty decided to establish a prostitute system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a very talented and ambitious emperor. He fought many wars year after year, so how to stabilize the morale of the army and improve morale has become a very important issue, and setting up prostitutes is one of the measures in this regard. There are many other measures to give preferential treatment to soldiers. For example, in The History of Han Feng Kangchuan, it is said: "Chair Zhao Li Mu is a general in the border area, and the rent for living in the border military city is for his own use, and the reward is decided outside. Shang Wei is guarding in the cloud, and all the military cities are rented to foot soldiers, privately killing cattle once every five days and delivering meals to guests. Before the prostitution industry was formally established in the Han Dynasty, there was a "sacrificial match" system for women in military camps. The so-called "matchmaking" is a forced engagement. Li Ling, a general of the Han Dynasty, led an army out of Kanto, escorted the wives of some robbers to the army and "tied" them as the wives of some soldiers. These women don't want to hide in the car and refuse to come out. When Li Ling found them, he cut them all off with his sword. Of course, this system of "rationing repression" was not universal at that time, and there were many drawbacks. There are many soldiers, but not too many women in the army, otherwise it will make the army bloated and inconvenient to move; However, some people have wives, and some people have no wives, which is easy to produce contradictions. Therefore, from the ruler's point of view, it is better to set up prostitutes so that soldiers can share and vent their sexual desire equally. Prostitutes also have to do some "services". There are many records about prostitution in later generations, such as Xiahou Zhengchun's meritorious service to Sun Quan. Cao Cao once gave him a "prostitute name" to enjoy in the army. When Wei Renqin was appointed as the state secretariat, "Qiang rebelled against foreign countries and refused to surrender. Chen Lingchao pretended to be poor and begged for food. When the Qiang people heard this, they all shouted and repeatedly said, "Abandoning a grave well is nothing but a robber in the valley. I.e. the phase ratio decreases. Qin people said, "A swift horse is not as stupid as an old woman." When Chen Yuan conquered the Qiang people, Chaoyun was a military prostitute. It seems that prostitutes in military camps sometimes play a role in military operations, but soldiers vent their sexual desire. For another example, when Zhang Zhaoda of the Southern Dynasties was ordered to go to Liang Xiao, "every meal must have the miscellaneous music of female geisha, accompanied by the voice of Hu Qiang, and the melody was graceful and wonderful, although it was wasted in front of the enemy." After the Song Dynasty, every time the deposed emperor went in and out, he tried to call himself Liu Tong or General Li, and the next year he had an affair with a woman in Youhuying. Take thousands of dollars to eat and drink every time you go. Tiki eats and sleeps with more than 20 hooligans around him. The emperor lived alone in the Western Zhou Dynasty. He opens a backyard every night and goes to the camp to hold a banquet with others. This is undoubtedly the prostitution system in Han Dynasty. Second, domestic prostitutes are prostitutes kept at home, not in music or in the army. The custom of raising prostitutes began in the Han Dynasty and flourished in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This situation is recorded in history. For example, Xie An worked as a prostitute in Dongshan in the Jin Dynasty, and followed the prostitute every time he went out. : "There are dozens of concubines and thousands of servants, which is wonderful.

Cao Cao had a famous prostitute who was excellent in color and art, especially in singing. However, this woman has a bad personality. Cao Cao hated her, wanted to kill her, but couldn't bear her voice, so he chose hundreds of beautiful women to train together. One of them advanced to the prostitute level, and Cao Cao killed the prostitute. For another example, Wang Kai of the Western Jin Dynasty invited Wang Dun and others to his home and asked a prostitute to play the flute. A prostitute who plays the flute forgot one thing. Wang Kai killed her. Second, these domestic prostitutes are slightly different from concubines. Prostitutes in China often provide artistic and entertainment services for their masters by singing and dancing, so they must be trained in this field. Of course, they also provide sexual services, which depends on the owner's likes and needs. Because of this, Yin Zhongwen of the Jin Dynasty advised Song Wu to stay a prostitute, and Song Wu said, "I don't understand." That is to say, I don't know music. What do domestic prostitutes need? Yu Ji doesn't need any training or artistic talent. She just needs to sleep with her master and let him vent his sexual desire. At the same time, it can be seen that the status of domestic prostitutes is slightly lower than that of concubines. After Wei, there was a man named Gao Cong who had more than a dozen prostitutes. No matter whether he has given birth to a child or not, he was given the name of a concubine to please his feelings and win people's hearts. It can be seen that the status of domestic prostitutes seems to be between concubines. It should be pointed out that domestic prostitutes occupy a very important position in history and the history of ancient art in China. They are often the representatives of song and dance art at that time. In order to meet the needs of the ruling class at that time, most of them received strict artistic training and good cultural education. Take Shi Chong's training of prostitutes such as Xiangfeng as an example: "Shi Jilun loves my concubine's name Xiangfeng, which was obtained from Hu Zhong at the end of Wei Dynasty. She is only ten years old, so she put it in her room. By the fifteenth, nothing can compare with his appearance, especially his posture. Don't listen to the sound of jade, look at gold skillfully. Ten people often choose beautiful women and people with similar looks, decorate their clothes with first-class sizes, make them indifferent and often serve them. It's called "Constant Dance", which is used to make incense and tune jade, to pour dragons, to win gold as a phoenix crown hairpin, to carve jade as a dragon, to cast gold hairpin as a phoenix crown, and to dance around sleeves. If you want to be called, don't call your name, listen to your voice and look at the color of the hairpin. Jade sounds light ranked first, and gold sounds bright ranked second, thinking that they go hand in hand. So that dozens of people have different scents, walking and laughing, and the breath comes from the wind. The smell of bread crumbs sinking into the water, such as dust, is scattered on the bed, allowing lovers to practice. Those who have no traces will get real pearls, and those who have traces will save food, making them weak. Therefore, the boudoir is playing' not frivolous, then a hundred beads'. " As can be seen from the above, Xiang Feng and other domestic prostitutes have been learning singing and dancing under the personal guidance of Shi Chong since childhood. They not only receive strict basic training, but also practice figure and dance. Shi Chong promotes and realizes these things by rewarding others' stimulation. Therefore, the song and dance art of these domestic prostitutes can roughly represent the artistic level of this field at that time. Yi Fu's Biography of Jin Shu and Tao Kan in the Western Han Dynasty described in detail the level of large-scale song and dance at that time. Zhang Heng's Biography of Shu Wei's Liewen Wang Yong describes the grand occasion of the performance of "A Corner Worth a Hundred Plays" at that time. Many of these domestic prostitutes have excellent musical instruments. For example, in the banquet in Wang Wei, there are "Chu Ji dances before, Wu sings behind" and "Drumming on the left, enjoying on the right"

These bureaucrats, landlords and rich people not only show off their power and wealth by abandoning many domestic prostitutes, but also deliberately dress up these domestic prostitutes to show off their status and luxury. For example, "A New Ode to Yutai": "I asked Wang Zhenxi in Xiangdong, and my voice is good. I have served dozens of concubines, all wearing gold and jade, dragging Luo Qi, knowing how to wear gold and silver, and playing gold and silver. " Ruan Dianfu said that "the power is not as good as the Lord, and the garden is not as good as the king". Dozens of prostitutes lived happily ever after and couldn't help themselves in the palace. Do a good job in every dress and thing, Beijing and Hebei are not good. "There are hundreds of prostitutes in Shi Chong in the west of Shanxi Province", "They all wear musk deer to lure them" and "drag their embroidery, so that their silks and bamboos are superior at that time and lack food". Wei's "five hundred prostitutes, the pearl shines in the sun, and the clothes are in the wind". Chen Yuan also built a windward pavilion for prostitutes in the back garden. Above the window, Qian Qingsuo, Yu Feng hold the bell, spit incense, Li hold the stick into the eaves, and sit upstairs with prostitutes to pick vegetables. It seems that these domestic prostitutes are circulating in men's world as a kind of high-grade decorations and luxury goods, and they are allowed to be dominated and used by their men. No matter how generous their material life is, it is only the sacrifice of men. 3. Palace prostitutes and domestic prostitutes in this official slave era are closely related to slavery. Most of them have no personal freedom and no choice. The source of slaves in this period was prisoners. At that time, there were frequent wars, first in successive years, and then in the Three Kingdoms, invading the Yellow River basin. This is a period of great national change in Chinese history. Victory is king, defeat is bandits and prisoners, and some conquered peoples are regarded as "saints" and "campers" and have been attacked for generations. Even if the dynasties change, they still have to be slaves, and their wives and children are old. In March of the seventh year of Wuping, the ruler of the Northern Qi Dynasty in 563 AD, all unmarried women under the age of 20 and over the age of 14 were sentenced to death in Jiji Province, and the parents of those who were concealed were also sentenced to death. This kind of villain and camper's daughter can gather at will and be abused by men as prostitutes in various forms. Second, the families of criminals. The above-mentioned "rationing repression" system is closely related to this. Another example is "changing concubines for horses": Xiaochang used to have chaos in the world, and his statutes were not constant, and he was either lenient or fierce. Jules has no authority; His weight is arbitrary. Most officials regard deep calm as their own ability. When the bandits moved to Yi, there were frequent thefts in Gyeonggi, and the punishment was severe: all robbers and murderers were beheaded, and their wives and fellow villagers were assigned as' happy families'; He doesn't kill people. If he takes less than five stolen horses, the leader will be beheaded, the follower will die, and his wife will be a' happy family'. More than ten stolen goods were stolen, the leader died, his wife was appointed, and his followers fled. The so-called "musician" in dance fu refers to the household registration of female musicians and advocates superior song and dance artists. Happy families, like campers and sages, are regarded as inferior and do not belong to good citizens. Women in happy families are prostitutes. All musicians are "red paper with lead as the axis". It's a tragedy that the thief's family got involved in a chain reaction and finally became addicted to female musicians and prostitutes. The days of several generations are numbered. This situation has been implemented for a long historical period. For example, Fan Jian of the Jin Dynasty committed a capital crime, and his daughter begged for mercy and resigned. He volunteered not to be an official slave to redeem his father's life. Yan Tian, a witch in Song Dynasty, was robbed and buried in Guan. The "Xi Pass" here is used for prostitution. He also said: "The Liang system: the big rebellion is not right, the mother, wife and sister are slaves, and the wife and daughter are slaves." His thief and his wife are soldiers. "He also said:" Wei and Jin dynasties come down in one continuous line, and the wives of those who are seriously guilty of capital crimes make up for their soldiers. "The so-called' filling soldiers' means filling ranks.

Due to frequent wars and the development of production, the population mobility has greatly increased. Some soldiers, craftsmen, businessmen, citizens and some stragglers are their customers. Of course, there are also different degrees of private prostitution. Due to the different needs of people from all walks of life, private prostitution is divided into three levels: high, medium and low. Senior prostitutes are often colored, artistic, highly educated and quick-thinking, even worse than the best prostitutes in China. They not only devote themselves wholeheartedly to their customers, but also often maintain friendly exchanges with some upper-class people, including those literati. This relationship between prostitutes and clients is not only sexual intercourse, but also some like-minded elements, even love elements. Of course, such a high-level prostitute is rare. During the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, although the appearance and development of private prostitutes were improved compared with that in the Spring and Autumn Period, private prostitutes were more active in the most prosperous cities in the south of the Yangtze River in China when the commercial economy was still in the primary stage and the urban culture had not yet formed a scale. Therefore, although domestic prostitutes are quite common in the upper class, commercial prostitution is not common in the street. This situation is reflected in some poems of Fu Zhi Er Jing and Fei Ming's Dike. For example, there is a new ode to Yutai: "Towards Xiangyang City, at dusk, on the levee." The daughters of the levee were dazzled by their beautiful flowers, which reflected the prosperity of private prostitutes in this area at that time. : "Go to the old Phoenix Pavilion, and the new Jiuli people will return. Send one but welcome two, and have no leisure for a while. " "Growing up at the gate of Shicheng, opening the window to the gate tower, the young people all over the city saw each other and walked along the road", reflecting that prostitutes were almost overwhelmed at that time. In addition, it is worth noting that there is a "Southern History Xu Chuan": "There is frost and snow at night and heavy rain in the morning. Although there is a little affection, why bother farming? " The first two sentences reflect that bureaucrats and nobles also went whoring at that time, and even the emperor lived in prostitutes' homes. Empress Bian of Cao Wei and Empress Anderson of the Eastern Jin Dynasty all attached great importance to their son's mother. Only when their son becomes emperor can their position be finally consolidated. On the contrary, although Zhao was made a queen by Emperor Hancheng and was the "mother of the world", she was abolished after Emperor Pingdi ascended the throne because she had no children, and finally committed suicide. How good prostitutes are, this is the destination that many prostitutes yearn for. They know that life is like morning dew, and their beauty is easy to grow old. It is impossible to be a prostitute all your life. So they "choose branches and live" as prostitutes every chance they get. Xu Youshi, a famous prostitute in Tang Dynasty, wrote "Sleeping with Mother": "I often cry for losing three things. What is the use of this body for interpersonal relationships? Although they have been full of praise for Chai Jing and cloth skirts, it reflects the general mood of prostitutes in ancient times. Prostitutes do many things. For example, there is a prostitute named Lu Nv in Wei Wudi. She is good at playing drums. Later, she "married Yin Gengsheng's wife" and said, "I used to be a risk-averse, but now I'm a slut". The so-called "slut" does not mean a person with bad behavior, but

So he was crowned with happiness and became the home of many prostitutes at that time. Of course, prostitutes are not crowned with happiness solely for the sake of life security. After years of ups and downs, love and hate, some prostitutes who see through the world of mortals are determined to spend the rest of their lives with the ancient Buddha Lu Huangzhong. In addition, there is another reason that monks and nuns often held religious song and dance activities at that time, which entertained both gods and people, and this just played the specialty of many prostitutes, who used it in temples and were also useful. According to the first volume of Song of Birds, "Liuzhai in Jingle Temple is a permanent female music, singing around the beam, dancing around the sleeve, and the silk tube is bright, so harmonious and fascinating. This is the temple of Eni, and husbands are not allowed to enter. The viewer thinks he is going to heaven. " It illustrates this situation. In a word, ancient prostitutes represented the level of song and dance art at that time to a great extent, which was very different from later generations.