As early as forty-five years in Qing Qianlong (1780), Su Liman, a Persian, came to Turpan and built a brick tower for collecting water, which is now the Su Gong Tower. Correspondingly, people have also put forward refutations: first, although the names are the same, they may also come from Persia and are descendants of Xinjiang; Second, although figures can be used as evidence, it is only 180 years ago, and Xinjiang locals say that there were karez as early as 300-00 years ago. Domestic introduction theory: this view holds that Karez first spread from Dali, Shaanxi Province to Bailongdui desert area in Xinjiang through Dunhuang, and then to Turpan.
There are three evidences: first, there are historical materials as evidence. According to Records of the Historian, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty (14 1 87 years ago), there were wells and canals in Dali, Shaanxi Province today. Hanshu? It is also recorded in the Biography of the Western Regions that when the Western Han Dynasty stationed troops in Dunhuang to attack Wusun, it took the spring water of Budweiser Hou Jing (Dajingliu Tongqu) at the foot of the heaped-up mountain in the southeast of Bailongdui Desert. Secondly, the name of the ancient Karez, the name of the tools for digging Karez, and the antiquities found in the ancient Karez all indicate that the Karez was excavated by the Han people first. For example, the names of many Karez wells have China cultural characteristics: Qianshengguikan, Ximenkan, Dongmenkan, Dachangshuikan ... Another example is that the tools used to dig Karez wells are called single rollers and horse rollers. For another example, when the second fort of Shanshan repaired the water reservoir, it was found that there was a copper hookah in the underground karez; Third, 1957- 1959, Soviet hydrogeologist B.H. Kunin visited Xinjiang. According to his investigation and comments, Karez in Turpan is different from Karez in Central Asia and Iran. However, this statement also has the following loopholes: first, there are some differences between Shaanxi well canal and Xinjiang Karez well, the former is a project to transport surface water, and the latter is a project to develop and utilize groundwater; Second, the name of the tool for digging Karez is Chinese, which only shows that the Han people invented the tool for digging Karez, which may not prove the history of Karez. In addition, Karez named after the Han people is not necessarily the earliest Karez. Third, the copper hookah dug by Karez can't completely prove that Karez has an earlier history and was dug by Han people.
Because of the sandstorm in Turpan, Karez was buried earlier, not necessarily the earliest Karez. Self-creation theory: This view holds that Karez was created by local working people of all ethnic groups. There are three evidences: first, at first, the working people used spring water to irrigate the land, and later, in the process of digging and extending the spring water, it was found that to increase the water volume, the deeper the digging, the open channel would be formed. However, the deeper the open channel, the larger the earthwork, and the frozen collapse is easily buried by the wind and sand, so it developed into a deep hole to draw water, thus forming the earliest corridor. However, after the corridor is extended, it will be more difficult to dig and transport soil, so the shaft that is easy to dig is produced. As time goes on, the initial karez will be formed. Secondly, because the local natural conditions are extremely dry and the surface water sources are very scarce, objective conditions force people to develop and utilize underground water sources to ensure the development of agricultural production and the normal demand of residents' domestic water. Relatively speaking, other areas in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain do not have such outstanding natural conditions as Turpan, and groundwater is rarely developed and utilized; Third, there were karez wells in Turpan as early as the Han Dynasty, which has a history of more than 2,000 years. However, this view also has defects: first, it is said that Karez well in Xinjiang has a history of more than 2,000 years, which is earlier than the wells and canals in Shaanxi, and there is no reliable literature proof; Second, the name of Karez is similar to the name of the project in Central Asia. Anyway, there is no scientific explanation about the authority of Karez. Others believe that it was formed under comprehensive conditions, with "self-creation theory" as the main and "inheritance theory" as the supplement.