Since 1965, with the cooperation of all kinds of capital construction and the regional cultural relics survey, the cultural relics archaeologists of Zhaowuda League have mobilized and visited the local people along the Great Wall extensively, and successively investigated the ancient Great Wall sites preserved in this area. 1975, the Great Wall was announced as a key cultural relics protection unit by the Revolutionary Committee of Zhaowuda League, and the whole line was protected.
Before the formal investigation, we chose a 25-kilometer area with relatively well-preserved relics as the pilot of the investigation. From July 1965 to June 10 and August 1975 to September, the two surveys took about half a year and walked back and forth for about 1000 kilometers, basically finding out the distribution range, detailed trend and architectural characteristics of the Great Wall site in our league; The ancient defense facilities along the Great Wall and related sites in the Great Wall zone were recorded. Took photos about the architecture, topography and landforms of the Great Wall; Collected necessary cultural relics. The investigation is now reported as follows.
Distribution and detailed trend of the Great Wall site in Zhao Yi
Zhaowuda League is located in the upper reaches of Liaohe River. To the north of the Xilamulun River is a vast grassland, and to the south is a mountainous hilly area, which is a part of the eastward extension of the Inner Mongolia shield of the North China Platform. This area has always been the throat of the Central Plains leading to remote areas in Northeast China, and its position is very important. At the same time, it is also a place where the cultures of all ethnic groups in the ancient Central Plains and Northeast China of China frequently exchange and contact, with a long history and rich historical sites.
Through investigation, we found that there are three Great Wall sites in Zhao Meng before the Han Dynasty, which are all located between 42 and 43 degrees north latitude in China. We temporarily call these three sections of the Great Wall Chibi Great Wall, Chibi Great Wall and Tiger Mountain Great Wall respectively.
(1) Chibi Great Wall
In today's northern Chifeng City, the Great Wall is built along the north bank of Jinying River, with the general direction of east-west intersection, and the specific direction from west to east is as follows:
Mujiayingzi Commune: Yijiayingzi (crossing the Milky Way);
Dongfanghong Commune: Shangbeidao Brigade, Wulicha Village North;
Wangjiadian Commune: Shuiquan Village, Beishangen, Sijiazi Brigade, Sunjiayingzi, Yangjiayingzi and Xiajiadian Village where the commune is located;
Shuidi Commune: After Motianling on the north slope, the commune is located in Yao Qian Production Team of Bajia Laoyemiao Village in Beishifan Mountain, Pingdingshan and Shanshuipo Brigade.
After Shuidi Commune entered Anqing Gou Commune eastward, the remains of the Great Wall were unclear.
The remains of the Great Wall exist in Chibei, which starts from Dongfanghong Wulicha in the west and ends at the landscape slope in the east, which is obvious and keeps about 30 kilometers intermittently. 1975 During the reexamination, castles and village sites during the Warring States-Qin and Han Dynasties were found in Baisilangyingzi, Laoniucaogou Brigade, Qidaowopu, Baita Brigade of Daogelang Harvest Commune, Cheluocheng of Aoji Commune, Shanwan Reservoir and Fengshui Mountain Brigade of Xiawa Commune, all of which were well preserved. If the age of Chibi Great Wall is similar to this, the extension line of Chibi Great Wall should be near the distribution area of these sites.
The Dongyan section may be located in the southern part of Naiman Banner or Kulun Banner in Jilin Province, and the sites of the Warring States-Qin and Han Dynasties and the number of Qin pottery were found.
Regarding the Great Wall in Chibei, there have been some archaeological investigation reports in the past, and some historical works and travel notes have been quoted sporadically.
(2) The Great Wall of China
The South Beauty Commune in Chifeng, which crosses east and west, is roughly parallel to the Great Wall in Chibei. The two Great Walls are about 50 kilometers apart and distributed in the middle of Harqin Banner, the south of Chifeng County, the north of Jianping County and Aohan Banner in Zhao Jinmeng. Among them, the rivers flowing through are Laoha River, Beng River, Monk River and Jiaolai River. The detailed location from west to east is:
Louzidian Commune in Harqin Banner: Jiangjiawanzi Village (Dalamin 'an Mountain), Chaijiagouliang and Erbanzi Mountain;
The piedmont commune of Harqin Banner: Huanghuawa, Hamawa, Zhuzidi, Xidawa, Binglang Gully, Banziliang, Liujiadian Houliang, Mojiagou West Slope and Dajingou Xishan Liangding;
Meilihe Commune in Chifeng County: Erdaoyingzi, Yanjiadian, Linjiadi Beiliang, "Side Wall Land", Liang, Shan, Guliang, Yanchi Guliang, Senhaishan, Desert Senhaishan, Huolanggou, Sanguanshishan, Xiejiayingzi Houshan, Shuangjianzi Mountain, Yemaozi Mountain, Wafang Aobao Mountain and Xipingding Mountain.
Jianping County Foreign Trade Farm (Breeding Farm): majiawan Zicun Hot Water, Guacha Chaliang, Daheishan, Dajiangou Mountain, Woguagou Ding Liang, Guabangzi Mountain, Pingdingshan North Slope, Laotongliangding, Gachagou North Slope and Yindapo;
Old Guandi Commune in Jianping County: Huanghuashan, Weiquanzi Mountain, Laoniucaowa, Yangcaogou Jindongzi Mountain, Yaogouliang, Shaliang, Laohugou, Yemaogou, Ganggouzi, Huaguoshan, Gajihada Hou Liang, Wangbashi Mountain, Gajihada Hetao, south slope of Danianzigou, Yemaozigou and crossbeam;
Jianping County Hot Water Commune: Toudaogou, "Maolou", Miaozigou, Laowa, Chengzishan, Toudaowa, Erdaowa (Tiger Cave), Banziwa, Xiaojingwa and Laoyemiao Xiwa;
Shaoguoyingzi Commune in Jianping County: Diwangmiao Mountain, Xiahuojiadi, Yuanbat Mountain, Hail Temple Beam Top, Hail Temple Valley, Caiyuanyu, Xiaodongwa, Ganniu Road Beam, Challenge Gully Beam, Xiaotang Tugouliang, Fangjia Qianshan, Needle Chai Valley Beam Top and Stone Tablet Beam;
There are 20 sub-communes in Jianping County: toad Liang Shi, Lanqiyingzi Cheng Nan, Lanqiyingzi Beicheng, Xiaowujia, Dawujia (crossing the Banghe River), Xiaosijia Village South and Jiubaibuye (entering Aohan);
Xinhui Town Commune in Aohan Banner: Houliangding and Zhadongyingzi in Zhaxiyingzi, Pingdingshan (across the Mengke River);
Xindi Commune in Aohan Banner: Bao Liangding in San 'ao, Hanjiawa, Guabangziliang, Maodai Shuiquan Village, Shijianggou, Baigaishan, Fort Hill, Laoguapiaowa, Daliang Road, Toudaowa, Pingdingshan (mill back beam), Xiaoluoshan, Beigaishan, Xiaoluoshan back depression and dumb dam beam;
Daogelang (Harvest) Commune in Aohan Banner; Battle Camp Back Mountain, Battle Camp Front Mountain, Goumen Dawa Back Beam, Shimen Guliang, ShangZi Ying Village, Baizhangzi Huoya Mountain, Baizhangzi Village, Laoshui Quanzi Mountain, Lanjiawo Wopu Front Mountain Beam, Lanjiawo Wopu Camp Back Daheishan;
Kelidai Commune in Aohan Banner: Shilazi Mountain, Zhaojiawopu, Gaojiawopu, Hongshanzuizi (across Jiaolai River), Kelidai Dongshan and Shilaohugou Beishan;
Beizifu Commune in Aohan Banner: Wangfenwa, Xiaodeli Hutong, Shi Ying Mine, Shimen Mountain, Dajiashan, Wapenyao Aobao Mountain, Goujiagou Xidashan, Goujiagou Village, Goujiagou Beishan, Yingtaogou Dongshan, Xindi Village and Shilian Mountain;
Wang Jiaying Commune in Aohan Banner: Xiaowanggou Village, Xiaowanggou Dongshan (Miaoshan), Shilazi Mountain and Zidongshan in Wang Jiaying.
The western end of the Great Wall in southern China is only near the Hetao of Jiangjiawanzi Village, and it is more than 50 kilometers west to the border of Weichang County, Hebei Province. There are rolling mountains and dense trees in this area. Two investigations failed to find the whereabouts of the Great Wall cultural relics. However, it is said that the Great Wall site and many sites and city sites in the Warring States period have been discovered in Weichang County, and the iron rights of Qin Shihuang for 26 years have been unearthed. Accordingly, we speculate that the western end of the Great Wall in southern China should enter Weichang County from Maojinba, Louzidian, Harqin Banner, Zhao Meng.
From the eastern end of Chikan Great Wall to Wang Jiaying Zihe Guobaotui, the remains are hard to find and their whereabouts are unknown. 1975 During the reexamination, only a large-scale Tucheng site during the Warring States-Qin and Han Dynasties was found and investigated in the nearby Tuchengzi Commune in Naiman Banner, Jilin Province. Bao Land Area in He Zi City, Wang Jiaying borders Beipiao County in the south. This area is also surrounded by mountains, and the terrain is dangerous. Although the exact destination of the Great Wall has not been found, according to some comrades in the cultural department, a stone relic of the Great Wall was found on the Nanshan of Wutai Village, the fourth production team of Shangyuan Commune in Beipiao County, extending eastward from the north side of Yixian County. If this is the case, the Chikan Great Wall may turn to the southeast mountainous area of the national protection map and enter Beipiao County.
The wall foundation of China Great Wall in most parts of Zhao Meng is well preserved, and the ground remains are obvious. According to its actual trend, it is kept intermittently for about 300 kilometers. There was no detailed report on this Great Wall in the past, only the Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics Team mentioned it in the archaeological investigation briefing, and speculated that it was an architectural site related to Yan culture.
(3) Hushan Great Wall
Hushan Great Wall is located in Hushan area of Sijiazi Commune on the southern edge of Aohan Banner, which was discovered at the beginning of 1975. The Great Wall goes down the northern slope of Yangshan Mountain, passes through Hushan River, a tributary of Daling River, passes through a gentle slope hilly land to the southeast on Hushan Mountain, and extends to Chaoyang County or Jianping County. Some relics in Nanyan are unclear and have not been investigated.
The well-preserved Hushan Great Wall in Aohan Banner is about 5 kilometers long.
Construction of the Great Wall and Selection of Terrain
The Great Wall is a huge military fortification in ancient China. Because of its long front, wide range and complex terrain, it has its own characteristics and laws in construction and terrain selection to meet military needs.
In our investigation, we found that there are three main ways to build the Great Wall with a length of more than 350 kilometers.
The first construction method: This is the main construction method of the Great Wall, accounting for about 50% of the length of the Great Wall we investigated.
The width of stone wall foundation is different, generally between 2 and 3 meters, and the widest point is no more than 4 meters; The residual height varies with the topography and the degree of collapse. Generally, the residual height is tens of centimeters, and the highest point is only about 1 meter. Residues in many areas are flush with the surface. Judging from the rest of the area, the cross section of the city wall is trapezoidal, with a wide bottom and a narrow top. It is estimated that the height of the city wall at that time was about 3-4 meters, and the width at the top was at least 1 meter.
Stone walls are all made of natural stone, and the masonry method is generally to use relatively regular large pieces of natural stone on the inside and outside, with rubble fragments or gravel filled in the middle. Therefore, in the investigation, it is found that in all areas that have not completely collapsed, the two side walls of the wall foundation are completely preserved.
On the residual stone wall, obvious joints were found in some areas. It is estimated that the Great Wall was built in sections according to regional division of labor.
The second kind of earth buildings: account for about 40% of the Great Wall, generally in areas with thick soil, flat terrain and lack of stones. Due to the age and soil erosion, the wall of the earth building has been washed away, the height is unknown and the remains are hard to find. But a black soil belt can be seen vaguely in these areas, which looks like a python hovering on the earth from a distance. In summer, it can be found that vegetation and seedlings grow exceptionally luxuriantly in these tulou areas. The existing earthen city wall site is about 5-6 meters wide, which is estimated to be rammed. In some areas, stone and soil are used together on the same mountain, that is, soil is used under the hillside and stone is used on the mountain.
The third "natural barrier": this method is not widely used. Generally, in extremely steep mountainous areas, a stone wall is built between two hills with natural stones to connect the two mountain passes to form a natural barrier. This construction method is most obvious in Yangshan section of Hushan Great Wall. Some sections pass through some natural "stone gates", and the ancient place names handed down locally, such as "Nantianmen", "Beitianmen", "Shimenshan" and "Habaqi" (Mongolian, meaning Pass and Road), may be related to ancient military fortifications.
Because the sections of the Great Wall are built in different ways according to local conditions and materials, different places have different customary names for it. In our investigation, we found that there are mainly names such as "Shilong" (that is, stone-built section), "Longtu" and "Salon" (that is, earth-built section), and some places call it "Niu Drive".
(2) the choice of terrain
From the description of the Great Wall in ancient books in China, we can see that the Great Wall in the Warring States-Qin and Han Dynasties has two basic characteristics in terrain selection, namely, "it is dangerous because of mountains" and "it is solid because of rivers". The former says that if the Great Wall is chosen among mountains, it can form a "natural barrier". The latter said that the Great Wall built by the river would cause "solid blockage", which is a summary of the long-term experience of working people in China.
The section of the Great Wall "consolidated by the river" is most obvious in the water sections of the Chibi Great Wall and the Tiger Mountain Great Wall.
A section of water is mostly made of stone, with Jinying River as the plug. The north bank of Jinying River is a rolling hill, separated by relatively open flat land alluvial by rivers. It is found that the river sand is below the cultivated soil layer 1 m, and it is estimated that Jinying River flowed from the foot of the north bank when the Great Wall was built. There is a "Motianling" in the water area.
And "Shifoshan", two relatively high hills, are far apart. Climbing the mountain is expected to be hundreds of miles. A beacon tower will be built on Motianling, and a tucheng will be built under Shifoshan. The south bank of the river is also a rolling hill, which is conducive to defense.
The Great Wall of Hushan is blocked by the upper reaches of Daling River. Yangshan is opposite to Hushan, which turns south from the northern slope of Yangshan and flows into Chaoyang along the southern slope of Hushan. It is still the main road leading to Chaoyang, Beipiao, Chifeng and Xinhui.
The northern slope of Yangshan Mountain is so steep that some places are almost uninhabitable. The Great Wall is being built on the hill facing the river on the northern slope, and it is indeed "condescending" to climb the northern slope and overlook it.
The position of "running out of water" is most obvious in the Great Wall of China.
The section from Jiangjiawan in Harqin Banner to Meilihe River in Chifeng County in the west is about 60 kilometers long, and most of it is built on hills connected in size. Dalaminan Mountain is a relatively high mountain in this section, with a steep northern slope. The local people on the east and west sides of the mountain are called Dongcheng Kou and Xicheng Kou, and the site of Warring States City no longer exists. The Great Wall Soundara Ming 'an descended from the southern slope of Shandong Province, and built a small earthen city on the Great Wall line in the Hetao area of Jiangjiawan to guard the valleys and mountains in this area. In the top mountain area of Xiping, Meilihe commune, the terrain is relatively high and the hills are rolling. The east-west hills of the Great Wall are all built on the north peak of the mountain, with steep north slope and no open space, and gentle south slope with hills and flat land.
The Great Wall of China is crossing the Laoha River to the east at Heishan Head of Meilihe Commune of Meilihe Brigade and entering the northern border of Jianping County to the east.
From Jianping County Foreign Trade Farm (sheep farm) and majiawan Zi to the vicinity of Xiaowujia in Erjiazi Commune, this section of the Great Wall is about 90 kilometers, and it passes through mountainous areas. In our investigation, we found that the northern slope of this section of the Great Wall Line is mostly between 45 and 60 degrees, and the southern slope is between 20 and 40 degrees.
Remains of "natural barriers" have also been found in extremely steep mountainous areas, such as Maoliangding, the south slope of Danianzigou in Gajihada, the vegetable garden in Shaoguodi and Ding Liang in Zhenchaigou.
The Great Wall in the north of Jianping County was also built with soil on the slopes of individual sections. In our investigation, we found that the Great Wall built with soil on the hillside has an obvious feature, that is, the mounds on the south side are all on the north side, and a ditch mark is formed on the north side. Generally, the vegetation growing on the north side in summer is dense and the remains are obvious.
Gajihada section of the Great Wall runs from Lishugou to the east, with Hutou Mountain in the north and a big Pingdingshan across the valley. The mountains are steep and the peaks stand tall, but the Great Wall is not built on these two hills, but goes down the mountain along Hutouwa on the south side and passes through a hillside to Wangbashi Mountain on the east, so that the Great Wall takes Da Pingdingshan and Hutou Mountain as natural barriers. On both sides of Wangbashi Mountain, there is Pingdingshan in the northwest and Dajianzi Mountain in the southeast. The Great Wall enters from its valley mouth and is guarded by a small earthen city in a relatively flat area in the south.
The 12.5km from Caiyuan to Shibeiliang is all made of stone, which is one of the best preserved sections of the Great Wall relics on the northern border of Jianping County. Mountains and canyons crisscross this area. Modern villages that the Great Wall passes through include Wangjiadian, Sunjiadian, Shanzuizi, Mongolian Ruth and Painter's Ditch. Its mountains include painter's ditch Nanshan and Dundungou Qianshan. With a small height, it is a big valley and hill suitable for farming. There are Zhangjiawan, Huntaigou and Sanyingzi in the north. On the mountain, there are Tugou beam and Laotouwa beam of Datang. The mountains are high and the valleys are deep, so it is difficult to build the Great Wall. Therefore, this section of the Great Wall is not built on the north mountain peak or south mountain slope which is not conducive to defense, but in the middle zone, that is, from the vegetable garden to Xiaodongwa → "Niudaoliang" → the front mountain of the house frame → the top of the beam of Zhenchaigou → the stone tablet beam; In this way, the mountains on the north side serve as natural barriers, and the hills with flat terrain on the south side are conducive to garrison defense.
From Erjiazi in Jianping County to Wang Jiaying Zi in Aohan Banner, the total length is about150km, and the Great Wall crosses the southern border of Aohan Banner. The terrain on both sides of the Fei River is relatively flat, and the Great Wall is made of earth, with almost no twists and turns. The east is mountainous and the terrain is high.
The top of Zhadongping Mountain is a high mountain in the Monk Valley. The Great Wall spirals from southwest to northeast along the top of the mountain, then turns eastward to Guabangzi Peak, which stands out from the single mountain, then extends due north to the back mountain of Maliangou, and then winds northeast into Shijianggou Mountain. The hills in this area are continuous and steep, and there are small town ruins on Stone Great Wall Scienc Spot.
The "Dongdashan Mountain" in Kelidai is a high mountain with dangerous terrain on the east bank of Jiaolai River. From Jiaolaidong to the twelve mountains of Beizifu commune, it stretches for more than ten kilometers. The Great Wall is built on the ridges of Dongdashan, Dajiazi Mountain and Shilian Mountain. After entering Beizifu and Wang Jiaying, the Great Wall is located in the border area of Beipiao County, which is the western extension of the Nuruhr Tiger Mountain. There are numerous mountains and complex terrain here.
The selection of the terrain of the Great Wall was based on the needs of the war at that time and was directly related to the defense object. According to the observation of the topography of the Great Wall, it was built to defend the ethnic minorities in northern China. This basic feature of terrain selection provides important clues for us to study the age of the Great Wall.
Facilities along the Great Wall, such as platforms, towers and city sites.
In the investigation, we found that there are different types of defensive building facilities along the Mishima Ancient Great Wall. We divide these facilities into three categories and include them in the three Great Wall lines according to their distance from the Great Wall line.
The first category: websites. Generally, it is a circular earth platform with small shape and high terrain selection, which is mostly built on the Great Wall Line or the south side of the Great Wall Line. Only in this survey, the number is not much.
The second category: address. Most of them are square earthen cities, slightly larger than the ruins, and are generally built on the south side of the Great Wall Line. "Historical Records" Justice Gu Yinyun: "Yan, a small town in the mountains."
Category III: Urban sites (including some sites). Most of these are large-scale earthen cities or residential sites, and most of them are built on the south side of the Great Wall Line. There are generally architectural relics in the city, and it is estimated that it should be the resident at that time.
(1) Building facilities along Chibi Great Wall
1No.: Site, located on the west bank of the Yinhe River in Yijiayingzi Commune, about 40 meters above the river, slightly round and about 20 meters in diameter. The relics found on the surface reached the Warring States Period at the latest.
No.2: Ruins, located at the northwest 1km of Wulicha Village of Dongfanghong Commune, are circular, with a diameter of 55 and a height of 5m from the ground. Most of the surface relics are gray pottery with rope patterns during the Warring States period, and there are large pieces of relics and relics from the Warring States period on the north and south sides of the site.
Third place: Ruins, located 0.75km north of Wulicha Village, Dongfanghong Commune, slightly square, about 50m long, 50m wide and 3m above the ground. The cultural layer is about 2 meters thick. The relics are mainly gray pottery from the Warring States period, including open cans with rope patterns, large urns, "fish basin bones" and slates, as well as the mouth edge of Qin pottery measuring instruments unearthed from Spider Mountain site, and iron pot fragments from the Warring States period.
No.4: Zhang Address, located at the northeast of Wulicha Village 1.5km, is a rectangular earthen city, with a length of 50 and a width of 40m, a residual height of the earth wall of 2, a bottom width of 10 and a top width of 4 m.. Six meters high outside the north wall. It's well preserved. The surface is littered with relics such as grey pottery pots, large urns, "fish pelvis", grey pottery beans and Ming Dao. There is a burial place of the Warring States urn in the northwest corner of the city, and a site of the Warring States in the east.