Ancient commerce

1, business development overview

(1) Ancient China? City? The formation and development of

Before the Song Dynasty, cities above the county level set up cities. Urban and residential buildings are strictly separated. The government establishes urban order or the mayor carries out strict management.

Open and close the market on time, and trading is not allowed after the market closes.

In Song Dynasty, the boundary between square and city was broken. In the past, the operating time limit of the Japanese-Chinese market was also broken, and the morning market and the night market were connected day and night; Trade activities are no longer directly regulated by the government.

(2) the prosperity of commercial metropolis

Luoyang, Chang 'an, Han and Tang Dynasties; In Song Dynasty, Kaifeng, Lin 'an, Yuan Dynasty and other big cities were political, military and commercial centers.

The opening of the Silk Road, the excavation of the Grand Canal and the gradual shift of the economic center of gravity to the south have spawned a number of emerging cities. For example, Yangzhou and Chengdu in the south became the most prosperous metropolis at that time. Yang Yi one two? The statement of [Tang Dynasty].

Hankou Town, Foshan Town, Jingdezhen Town and Zhuxian Town are the four most famous commercial towns in the Song Dynasty.

(3) Merchant activities [including: some classic scenes of ancient commercial development]

Businessmen are famous for being good at business, so people who engage in business activities are called? Businessman? .

From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the rulers mostly implemented the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and businessmen were limited by time and space in doing business, making business development more difficult.

The commercial economy in Song Dynasty was unprecedentedly prosperous, and the commercial environment was relatively relaxed. There is also the world's earliest' paper money'? Sex? .

The Yuan Dynasty became an international commercial metropolis most of the time.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, urban commerce was still prosperous under the repressive policy.

? Cotton, tea, sugarcane, dyes and other agricultural and sideline products have entered the market in large quantities and become commodities.

Some places have appeared? Business gang? Among them, Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants have the greatest influence.

2. What are the characteristics of ancient foreign trade? Tribute trade under government control;

(1) China has a long history of foreign trade. Two Silk Roads: Sea and Land in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Guangzhou became an important foreign trade port, and the government set up city envoys to take charge of foreign trade. In the Song Dynasty, China traded with dozens of countries. Quanzhou was an important foreign trade port in Yuan Dynasty, and was known as the largest port in the world at that time.

Tribute trade occupies an important position: its purpose is to publicize national prestige, strengthen ties with overseas countries, and meet the needs of rulers for rare treasures and special products.

(3) Ming and Qing dynasties? Closed to the outside world? Policy, shrinking foreign trade. Only Guangzhou, damn it? Thirteen lines? Unified management.

The development course and characteristics of ancient commerce.

(1) development course: primitive society: the appearance of things to things, resulting in primitive commerce. Shang dynasty: professional businessman, the earliest currency

Zhou Dynasty: Implementation? Industrial and commercial food officer? Policy. Concentrate businessmen, set up officials for unified management, and provide food and clothing for the government.

Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: Private businessmen replaced official businessmen as the main body of businessmen. Gold and silver began to be used as money, and commercial cities appeared.

Sui and Tang Dynasties: Prosperity of commerce and trade. Chang 'an, Luoyang and Yangzhou become metropolises; Businessmen from various countries have frequent exchanges; The Silk Road flourished both on land and at sea.

Song Dynasty: Paper money first appeared in the world, and market towns and night markets rose.

Yuan dynasty: the widespread circulation of paper money, a new peak of ancient commerce.

Ming and Qing Dynasties: the rise of commercial cities; Monetary economy is dominant; Agricultural products enter the market in large quantities; Labor becomes a commodity; The regional merchant groups are very strong.

Characteristics of ancient commercial development:

(1) The origin of commerce is very early, and it is constantly developing.

There are various forms of commercial markets, such as urban markets, grass markets in rural areas, night markets and dawn markets.

③ The urban commercial economy is developed.

(4) From the Han Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, the foreign trade with the Silk Road and the Ceramic Road as the main channels was developed, which promoted the prosperity of coastal port cities and gradually declined in the late Ming Dynasty.

⑤ The widespread use of silver in Ming and Qing Dynasties promoted the accumulation of commercial capital.

6 Businessmen are active.

⑦ Business has long been suppressed by the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, and the social status of businessmen is low.

Today, commerce, as a supplement to the farming economy, failed to occupy the dominant position in China's ancient economy.

(2) Urban development

A From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty: In cities above the county level, the government set up cities as trading places, and set up city orders, mayors and cities in specific locations, which were separated from residential buildings and strictly controlled. Cities are mainly political and military centers.

Tang dynasty: a unified urban system

C song dynasty: the boundary between Fangcheng and Fangcheng no longer exists, allowing Fangcheng to buy cities in the country, and no longer stipulating the unified time. Business is not directly monitored, and the economic function of the city is greatly enhanced.

D Ming and Qing dynasties: the rise of industrial and commercial towns, especially in Jiangnan.

China's ancient economic policy and the germination of capitalism.

(1) Economic policy: emphasizing agriculture and restraining business.

One reason: the mobility of businessmen conflicts with the idea of emphasizing agriculture and strengthening centralization. Course B in the Warring States Period: the rise of the idea of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business; Han dynasty: all losses were even, salt and iron were operated by the government, and the calculation ended. Private businessmen have been hit and cannot compete with the state. Mid-Tang Dynasty: Relax, encourage overseas trade, and share profits between officials and businessmen. Ming and Qing Dynasties: Adhere to the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business.

C influence: feudal society and the early dynasty, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce? It played a positive role in the development of social economy and the consolidation of feudal rule; However, with the development of social economy, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the commodity economy has been quite active. Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business? This policy violated the law of economic development, which not only hindered the development of industry and commerce and the growth of natural economy, but also caused the slow development of capitalism, which was one of the reasons for the backwardness of modern China. Fundamentally speaking,? Emphasize agriculture? Is correct, but you can't put? Agriculture? And then what? Business? Standing on the opposite side for a long time.

(2) The second economic policy: the maritime ban policy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Reasons: ① In the early Ming Dynasty, I was mainly worried that the hostile forces in exile at sea would collude with the Japanese pirates and endanger the rule of the Ming Dynasty; (2) In the early Qing Dynasty, I mainly focused on the anti-Qing struggle of the people in the southeast coast; (3) Later, the Qing government took precautions on the one hand? A crooked one? Tort holds that China is everywhere and does not need to communicate with foreign countries.

Evaluation: Negative effects dominate. China is increasingly divorced from the general trend of world development, blocking the channels to provide external stimulus for China's modern science and technology and economic development, and losing the opportunity to exploit overseas markets, stimulate capital expansion and promote industrialization by taking advantage of its dominant position in international trade.

(3) The slow development of capitalism.

(1) The self-sufficient economic structure of combining agriculture with textile still dominates the whole country.

(2) The heavy exploitation by the government leads to extreme poverty of farmers and extremely low purchasing power.

③ Does the Qing government stick to it? Focus on this and suppress it to the end? The traditional policy of suppressing industrialists and businessmen

(4) The Qing government closed its doors to the outside world for a long time and implemented the policy of sea ban.