Arnold joseph toynbee (1889 ~ 1975) is a famous British historian. He was once known as "the greatest historian in modern times". Toynbee has a unique view on history. His 12 magnum opus "Historical Research" tells the rise and fall of the major nationalities in the world, and is regarded as "the greatest achievement of modern scholars". Because his uncle is also a historian, specializing in the history of economic development, also known as arnold toynbee (1852 ~ 1883), in order to distinguish the two, people usually call them by their full names to avoid confusion.