1842, after the British invaders successively captured Wusong, Shanghai and Zhenjiang, they drove their warships to the Nanjing River in early August and aimed their guns at Nanjing City. The corrupt Qing government openly violated the broad masses' desire to resolutely resist the enemy and surrendered to the invaders. On the issue of ending the Opium War, Daoguang sent "old citizens" and Elibu as imperial envoys to the front line of Zhejiang to test the conditions for surrendering to the British invaders. At that time, when the British troops arrived at the gates of Nanjing, the old people in Nanjing arrived in a hurry. Without formal negotiations, they all accepted the "peace conditions" put forward by the invaders. 1842 On August 29th, aboard the British warship Hanhuali, Jianying and Yilibu signed the first unequal treaty in China's modern history-Jiangning Treaty. Jiangning is now Nanjing, so the Treaty of Jiangning is also called treaty of nanking. There are thirteen articles in treaty of nanking, mainly including the following points: (1) China ceded Hong Kong to Britain. Since then, Hong Kong has become a British military and commercial base in the Far East. (2) China opened Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; In these trading ports, the British can live freely, and Britain can send consular officials. (In this way, the door of feudal China was opened. (3) China compensated opium addicts for 6 million silver dollars, military expenses120,000 silver dollars, and merchants owed 3 million silver dollars, * * * 2 10/0,000 silver dollars. This is a shameless plunder of the people of China. (4) Britain's import and export goods should be taxed, "all should be fairly recognized" (that is, the tax rate of China's import and export goods must be negotiated with Britain, and China has no right to determine it by itself. This is the beginning of the agreed tariff. According to this privilege, the British bourgeoisie transported a lot of goods to China, controlled the China market, and made China Customs lose its role in protecting its industrial and agricultural production. (5) British businessmen can freely trade with China businessmen at various ports without any restrictions. From then on, British businessmen can freely contact with China businessmen, choose and train their agents. ) In the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843), the British government forced the Qing government to conclude the Charter of Sino-British Trade with Five Ports and the Agreement on Trade with Five Ports (also known as the Humen Treaty) as annexes to the treaty of nanking, which not only stipulated some detailed rules of the treaty of nanking, but also added some new clauses, such as the British committing crimes in China. Any aggressor who gains privileges in China can also enjoy them in Britain, and so on. After the treaty of nanking was signed, the United States and France forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty and the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty. Since then, imperialist countries have followed suit and used various means to force China to conclude a series of unequal treaties. These unequal treaties are the shackles of the people of China, and treaty of nanking is the first shackle of the people of China. The signing of treaty of nanking seriously damaged China's sovereignty and independence, and China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.