To sum up, Vygotsky has been committed to promoting the union and unification of scattered revolutionary organizations, student organizations and trade union organizations in China since June 1920, building these revolutionary organizations, student organizations and trade union organizations into a unified center, and promoting the establishment of China through this center. That is to say, Wei's main attention after coming to China is not to form a purely Marxist political party, but to form a socialist grand alliance with the vast majority of revolutionaries in China, even socialists and anarchists in Japan and South Korea; Form young students into radical joint groups; Organize trade unions into a unified leading body, namely the Central Trade Union Bureau.
With the help of Wei, the establishment of grass-roots organizations in China was finally completed in the form of socialist alliance, and the establishment of local revolutionary bureaus finally laid the foundation for the founding of China. It should be noted that this way of party building promoted the party building in the early stage of Vikinsky's first visit to China. At the same time, it should also be noted that this way of party building was also supported by the Communist International and China revolutionaries.
First of all, the Comintern supports this way of party building in cooperation with anarchists.
In China, Vygotsky tried to concentrate the social revolutionary forces, including anarchists, not because of personal preference, nor because of "mistakes" in leadership, but because he carried out the strategy of uniting international anarchists and groups formulated by the Soviet Union and the Communist International at that time (especially during the intervention of the Allies).
19 19 In September, the Comintern Executive Committee wrote in a circular on Parliament and the Soviet Union: "In France, the United States, Britain and Germany, all revolutionaries carry out activities under the slogan of the Soviet regime, thus combining or cooperating with the communist movement. Anarchist trade union groups and those who call themselves anarchists are joining this general trend, and the Comintern Executive Committee warmly welcomes them. " Li Danyang: A case of AB's cooperation in China-Truth Society, etc., Research on Modern History,No. 1 2002, p. 69. The Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) and the Comintern not only welcome cooperation with anarchists in policy, but also contact and cooperate with some anarchist groups in the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Australia, Ireland and other countries. Lenin even called foreign workers who believed in anarchy "the best comrades and friends, the best revolutionaries". Li Danyang: A Case of AB Cooperation in China —— Truth Society and Others, Research on Modern History,No. 1, 2002, p. 69.
In fact, the establishment of the socialist alliance and * * * in China is also a parallel work. For the personnel of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) and the Comintern, it is impossible for these two organizations to have their cake and eat it, because they can use the alliance to carry out and cover the activities of the leading party group and absorb party member's development of party organizations from it. At that time, Russian communist party people who supported Bolshevism once followed the instructions of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevism) and the Comintern in China and worked closely with the anarchists in the socialist alliance (note: this was the common feeling of many communist party people and anarchists who participated in the socialist alliance at that time).
It can be seen that it was the Communist International and its agency in China, the Revolutionary Bureau, and some Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) party member before its establishment that prompted the Communist Party of China (CPC) and anarchists to join hands in revolutionary activities in the socialist alliance for the time being. D You Jiye "believes that socialists of all factions can form a United front, which is compatible with * * *", complies with the wishes of the Communist International and works closely with Chinese anarchists.
Secondly, from a personal background, Vygotsky does not exclude cooperation with anarchist organizations.
I believe that the socialists of all factions can form a United front and be compatible with * * *, which is closely related to Vygotsky's personal experience. Vygotsky was originally from party member, an American socialist, and returned to China after the October Revolution to join the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik). As for the American Socialist Party, which Wei kinski first joined, there were 1 000 people in party member when it was founded, and 1, and it increased to more than 40,000 people in 909. Its composition is complex, including workers, petty bourgeoisie and urban and rural middle class intellectuals, as well as immigrants from Russia, Poland, Hungary and other countries. Communist party of Russia (Bolshevik), formerly known as the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, is a local organization centered on the "Working Class Liberation Struggle Association", and "Collapse" (Russian transliteration, meaning alliance, short for "Lithuanian, Polish and Russian Jewish Workers General Union") was founded in 1897, which is an opportunistic bourgeois nationalist organization. ), many scattered groups were assembled in Minsk on 1898.
Therefore, in Vygotsky's view, there should be no insurmountable obstacles to the mutual transformation between the socialist party, * *, or other socialist factions. The formation of China by organizing the socialist alliance has its special background. It is precisely because of his personal experience that it can be speculated that Wyszky will not object to the establishment of the Party in China in the form of the American Socialist Party and the Russian communist party (Bolshevik), that is, to create China by assembling existing revolutionary groups.
Finally, China revolutionary Chen Duxiu also supported Vygotsky's way of party building.
Although Chen Duxiu proposed that the party building should be targeted at a single individual, it should rely on the Modern History Research Office of the Institute of Modern History of China Academy of Social Sciences, which is the backbone of the society. Before and after the First National Congress ①, People's Publishing House, 1980, page 45 1. Through investigation and understanding, attract people with common beliefs and then continue to develop. However, apart from Marx's scientific socialism, there are also parliamentary socialism, utopian socialism, anarchist "mutual aid theory", pan-labor, Kilt socialism, work-study program and so on in China's ideological circle. In China's ideological circle, there are many centrists and schools are opposite, so few people really believe in Marxism, and simple organization is unrealistic. Therefore, in practical work, Chen Duxiu supports cooperation with anarchists. For example, in June of 1920, Wei prepared to hold a meeting of socialists and anarchists to coordinate and concentrate the socialists and anarchists in North China. Wei kinski said, "A well-known local professor (Chen Duxiu) is distributing letters to revolutionaries all over the country to determine the topics to be discussed at the conference and the venue and time of the conference. The conference may be held in early July, and we must not only participate in the preparatory work (making agendas and resolutions), but also attend the conference. " Communist party (Bolshevik), Comintern and China National Revolutionary Movement (1920-1925), translated by the First Research Department of the Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, Beijing Library Press, 1997, p. 28. It can be seen that the meeting of the Social Welfare Association prepared by Wei relied on Chen Duxiu's personal fame and Chen Duxiu's connection. Without Chen Duxiu's support, the meeting could not be held smoothly.
Moreover, the "Socialist Youth League" organized by Chen Duxiu himself, which was established under the leadership and help of the Shanghai Revolutionary Bureau in August 1920, is also a loose collective composed of anarchists, Marxists and even "anti-Confucian scholars". Even the Shanghai revolutionary bureau itself has anarchists to join; There are as many as six anarchists among the eight members of the early communist organization organized by Li Dazhao in Beijing. The establishment of these organizations shows that Chen Duxiu supports cooperation with anarchists.
In addition, the view that Chen Duxiu only agreed to cooperate with the anarchists under the pressure of the Comintern and Vygotsky is also untenable. At the beginning of the establishment of the Shanghai Revolutionary Bureau, there were not only Vyzky and Chen Duxiu, but also three other China revolutionaries. According to the leadership style of the Revolutionary Bureau, every work needs to be discussed and approved by the Revolutionary Bureau, and even the resolution drafted by Vikinsky to the Central Bureau of the trade union needs to be discussed and approved. Communist party (Bolshevik), Comintern and China National Revolutionary Movement (1920-1925), translated by the First Research Department of the Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, Beijing Library Press, 1997, p. 32. In this case, it is obviously untenable for Chen Duxiu to cooperate with anarchists under pressure with great influence and appeal.
(2) Eliminate anarchists and transform them into pure * * *
(1) The reasons for the change of party building mode.
In the process of helping to establish China, Vygotsky put forward the way of uniting various revolutionary groups to build the Party in the early days. However, due to two reasons and changes, the Communist Party of China (CPC) people gradually split from the anarchists, and finally established the pure * * * doctrine advocated by Lenin in China.
The changes in the policies of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) and the Communist International, and the split between the Bolsheviks and their supporters and the anarchists are the main reasons for the split between the Russians and the anarchists. 1920 from July to August, the Comintern held its second congress in Moscow. The congress discussed and adopted a series of programmatic documents, such as the Resolution on Nationalities and Colonies formulated by Lenin and the Conditions for Joining the Comintern, to guide the work of various branches of the Comintern.
1920 In August, shortly after the Second National Congress, Vikinsky, a representative of the Comintern, obtained the documents of the Second National Congress of the Comintern, which had an important influence on the party building work led by him.
There are 2 1 entry conditions for the Comintern, which mainly emphasize three aspects. First, emphasize the dictatorship of the proletariat. There are the following provisions in the conditions: daily propaganda and agitation must be truly communist in nature and must conform to the program and resolutions of the Communist International. Party organs and newspapers must be presided over by reliable people who are truly loyal to the proletarian revolutionary cause. The dictatorship of the proletariat should not only be discussed as a popular formula that is familiar to the heart, but should be well publicized, so that every ordinary male worker, female worker, soldier and farmer can realize the necessity of implementing the dictatorship of the proletariat through the living facts systematically published in our newspapers every day.
Second, emphasize the principle of democratic centralism. The conditions stipulate that political parties joining the Comintern should be established in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism. In the current fierce civil war era, * * * must be organized in a highly centralized manner and implement iron discipline like military discipline within the party. The central organ of the Party must have extensive powers, gain the universal trust of all party member, and become an authoritative organization. Only in this way can the party fulfill its obligations.
Thirdly, it puts forward the requirement of eliminating unreliable elements and breaking away from reformism and "centralism" policy: "A political party willing to join the Third International must re-examine the composition of its parliamentary group and eliminate unreliable elements, so that the parliamentary group is not verbally subordinate to the CPC Central Committee, but actually requires that all the work of every parliamentary representative be subordinate to the interests of the propaganda and agitation work of the real revolution." "In countries where * * * can legally work, * * * should regularly clean up (re-register) Party members, so as to constantly eliminate petty bourgeois elements who inevitably join the Party". Documents of the Second Congress of the Communist International, edited by the Editorial Committee of Historical Documents of the International Communist Movement, Renmin University of China Press, 1988, pp. 720-726.
Although the conditions for joining the Comintern did not explicitly mention parting ways with anarchists, it mentioned that petty bourgeois elements should be removed from the party. As a representative of the Comintern, Vyzky wanted to establish China's organization according to the requirements of the Comintern, and asked the anarchists to recognize the dictatorship of the proletariat and the party's discipline. For anarchists, both the dictatorship of the proletariat and the organizational principle of democratic centralism are unacceptable conditions, so the division between them is inevitable.
Another reason for the gradual division between the Communist Party of China (CPC) people and anarchists is the contradiction between theoretical propaganda and practical work. The development of this conflict finally caused a big debate between communists and anarchists.
There is a great difference between communist theory and anarchist theory, so anarchists attacked Marxism very early. 19 19 At the beginning of this year, anarchists Huang, Yi, Zhu published a large number of articles and works, actively propagating anarchism, attacking Marxism and distorting and vilifying the Soviet regime. In May, the anarchist Huang and Huang successively published "Criticism of Marxist Theory" and a series of newsletters on anarchy in New Youth, focusing on attacking the Marxist theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat and advocating "anarchist communism"; Denying all organizational disciplines and advocating "absolute freedom"; Deny all power and accuse the dictatorship of the proletariat of personal dictatorship; Advocate decentralized production and oppose centralized production; Oppose distribution from each according to his ability and distribution according to work.
China communist intellectuals' counterattack against anarchists began in September 1920 after the Second National Congress of the Comintern. Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Li Da and Cai Hesen have published articles such as Talking about Politics, Critique of Socialism, Chinese Anarchism, Inferior Anarchism Party, On Anarchism and Anatomy of Anarchism. Criticize the basic views of anarchists and discuss the inevitability of preserving "power" and establishing proletarian dictatorship under certain historical conditions. This argument led to a complete ideological break between communists and anarchists. As Zhang pointed out in his written report to the Third Congress of the Communist International, "it is impossible to continue to cooperate with these anarchists, because they began to publish declarations on their goals and principles in the name of communist organizations, and their goals and principles run counter to our basic concepts of communism." Communist Group, compiled by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Party History Information Collection Committee, Zhong # # Historical Data Publishing House, 1987, p. 740.
(2) The ideology of the Party is marked by "stressing politics"
According to the spirit of the "Second Congress" of the Communist International, with the support of Vygotsky, in September 1920, the eighth volume of the first issue of "New Youth" edited by Chen Duxiu was changed from the first issue of the eighth volume to the official publication initiated by China. The article "Talking about Politics" published shows that Chen Duxiu can't cooperate with anarchists and get rid of anarchism ideologically.
In his article, Chen Duxiu particularly emphasized the importance of upholding the dictatorship of the proletariat and the principle of democratic centralism, criticizing not only anarchism, but also the erroneous thought of the Social Democratic Party denying class struggle. He pointed out: "I dare say: without class struggle and the occupation of political power by the working class, the democratic Krasai will always be the exclusive property of the bourgeoisie, that is, the bourgeoisie will always hold the political weapon against the working class."
On the dictatorship of the proletariat, Chen Duxiu emphasized: "Workers have no state and no political power since they came. It is precisely because the past and present state and political power are in the hands of the bourgeoisie that they can use their production and distribution methods to oppress the working class. " . Therefore, Chen Duxiu made it clear: "Although I admit that there is no need to fundamentally abandon the tools of state politics and law, I do not admit that the existing bourgeois state, politics and law have the possibility of sweeping away evil. I admit that a country that builds the working class (that is, the production class) by revolutionary means and creates a political law that prohibits all plunder at home and abroad is the first need of modern society. " Selected Works of Chen Duxiu, edited by Ren Jianshu, Volume 2, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2009, p. 257.