The meaning of "dou"
, nickname sinus. According to legend, Mrs. Gan, the mother, was pregnant because she dreamed of swallowing Beidou at night, and her nickname was "Dou".
Liu Chan, the son of Liu Bei, succeeded to the throne as the Emperor of Shu after Liu Bei's death. He was appointed Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wan in the military, but he did not show much. After Zhuge Liang and other wise ministers died one after another, they were unable to control state affairs, and eunuch Huang Hao began to monopolize power, and Shu gradually declined. After Wei attacked Shu, he surrendered and moved his family to Luoyang, where he was named an Le Gong and died a few years later. Liu Chan was made Prince by Liu Beili. Liu Bei died on April 24, 223 AD. In May of the same year, he succeeded to the throne and changed his country name to "Jianxing". Liu Chan is mediocre and incompetent. In the early days of his rule, he mainly relied on Zhuge Liang to govern state affairs. He sent troops to the Northern Expedition several times and attacked Wei, all of which were defeated. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Fei T assisted the court. They followed Zhuge Liang's established policy, United internally, and did not use troops easily, which once kept Shu in a relatively stable situation. After Jiang Wan and Fei T, Jiang Wei came to power, repeatedly abolishing his soldiers and consuming national strength. Since Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan has become more fatuous and hedonistic, regardless of state affairs. Eunuch Huang Hao took advantage of favoritism, monopolized power, formed a clique for his own interests, and failed in Japanese politics. Even Jiang Wei invited himself to the stack (now northwest of Zhouqu, Gannan Prefecture, Gansu Province) to plant wheat to avoid disaster. At this point, the foundation of Shu has been greatly shaken. In 263 AD, Wei attacked in three ways, and Wei took the road of Wargo into Shu, and sent Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan to stop Wargo. Zhuge Zhan died in Mianzhu, and Wei Jun approached Chengdu. At this time, the main force of the Shu army led by Jiang Wei was still stationed in Jiange, without any damage. The latter heard the enemy approaching, panicked and at a loss. Hurriedly called the minister to discuss. It was suggested that the late Lord fled to the south-central region (now southern Sichuan and parts of Yunnan and Guizhou), but the situation there was complicated and it was uncertain whether he could stand firm. Some people suggested sending Sun Wu to the East, but Sun Wu became weaker and weaker, making it difficult to protect himself. Qiao Zhou, a doctor of Guanglu, argued for the surrender of Wei. The latter actually adopted the proposal of the surrender of Wei, tied his hands behind his back and went out of the city to surrender to Wargo. According to Wargo's orders, he ordered all the Shu troops to surrender. Shu Han perished.
Historical evaluation
In the eyes of the world, Liu Chan is the king of mediocrity, but in the eyes of ordinary people in the street, Liu Chan's image has always been a mediocrity. What's more, he is called "the bad king who perished the country and the mediocrity who lost the country". Because his nickname is Dou, there is another adjective "Dou who can't help it" in our Mandarin. Predict that this adjective will spread for thousands of years. Dou really can't help? Is he really a fatuous, stupid or even mentally retarded monarch? According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang praised Liu Chan for shooting the gentleman (whose identity was unknown) and told Liu Bei about it. Liu Bei is very happy. "The prime minister sighed that the wisdom of the Qing dynasty increased greatly, too, but so, why should I worry? Hey hey. " Liu Bei's will means that even Zhuge Liang praised Liu Chan's "great wisdom" and was smarter than expected. What am I worried about? Show encouragement. Zhuge Liang will not flatter others, Liu Bei will not be ignorant, and Chen Shou will not cheat. Therefore, Liu Chan is by no means as incompetent as the traditional concept. Zhuge Liang commented on Liu Chan in "The Book with Dewey": "The court was eighteen years old, and it was virtuous and kind, and the corporal was an adjutant."
In fact, "Ren Xian, the late ruler, is a rational ruler". According to the new understanding of history, Liu Chan became the Emperor of Shu Han for a total of 4 1 year, which was the longest reign of all the presidents in the Three Kingdoms period. Among them, Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Chan 1 1 year. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan became emperor for 30 years with the help of some wise ministers. In the turbulent era of independent regime, there must be something extraordinary about Liu Chan's being in power for so long. Liu Chan was only 17 years old when he succeeded to the throne. Liu Bei specifically told him before he died, "You work with the Prime Minister, just like your father." So he shouted "No matter how big or small the political affairs are, the salt depends on the light", and Liu Chan "did everything as the Prime Minister said". For Zhuge Liang, who was in full power, Liu Chan was also humble in everything, "taking his father as his business". Later, Liu Chan became old. According to the routine of the Han Dynasty imperial court, Zhuge Liang should gradually return the power to Liu Chan, let Liu Chan "become a full member" smoothly, and get rid of the fate of "trainee" emperor completely. However, Zhuge Liang is still in power. Zhuge Liang's reason is also very simple, because Liu Chan has no work experience and no experience in governing the country, so he is in charge of the overall situation. This makes people suspect that Liu Chan is inexperienced now. If you don't give him a chance to practice, where will he get the experience? Isn't he not experienced? Zhuge Liang went to war, but he still didn't trust Liu Chan, who was 22 years old. He appointed confidant Dong Yun as assistant minister to "supervise" Liu Chan. In Zhuge Liang's "Teacher of the Past", Zhuge Liang's tone and sense of language towards Liu Chan are like a cruel father, heartless and ignorant, and disobedient. For these, Liu Chan gave in and didn't want to cause domestic political chaos.
Zhuge Liang launched the Northern Expedition. Although Liu Chan disapproved, he encouraged Zhuge Liang. It can be said that Liu Chan is well aware of the truth that "there is no harmony between the monarch and the minister, and there will be internal changes", and fully understands and strictly implements Liu Bei's teachings and respect for the elders. More importantly, he United the internal leadership team, maintained the stability of the leadership team, and finally benefited the people. No wonder some people commented that Liu Chan was "a sage of the late Lord, so he was out of reach". It can be seen that Liu Chan has the tolerant mind of a politician. Liu Chan was generous not only to Zhuge Liang, but also to other ministers. For example, when Wei Yan's rebellion was killed, Liu Chan did not completely deny Wei Yan. Instead, he made an imperial edict: "Since I have been cleared of my crimes, I still remember my previous achievements and make a coffin for it." As one of his father's most trusted generals, Wei Yan is more trusted than Ma Chao. How could he suddenly rebel? To put it bluntly, Wei Yan's wisdom is not worse than Zhuge Liang's, but he is willful and has a bad interpersonal relationship. After Zhuge Liang died, no one subdued Zhuge Liang's interest groups, so he was killed. Liu Chan used "he has corrected his crime, but he still pays attention to his previous achievements and gives him a coffin to bury" to prove his ambition, which also reflects his wisdom to some extent. After all, the rebellion before the battle cannot be "buried in the coffin" by virtue and "thinking about previous achievements." When life in Liu Chan was corrupt, scholar Qiao Zhou and veteran Dong Yun wrote to persuade Cambodia that Liu Chan could do nothing at best, but could not kill people in a rage. It is very rare that Liu Chan, the late ruler of China, may have used less knives for ministers. Clear-headed, Know People and Make Good Use of Liu Chan is not only tolerant of people, but also clear-headed, know people and make good use of them, and has strong analytical ability. He is definitely not mentally retarded. Liu Chan appointed Zhuge Liang to govern the country, which is the cleverness of Zhuge Liang. Although Zhuge Liang had belligerent problems, his measures to govern Shu did bring development to Shu. Therefore, even after the death of Kongming, Liu Chan continued to use Zhuge Liang's measures and even reused the people selected by Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang longed for the Northern Expedition, and Liu Chan's mind was very clear at this time. He knows very well that Shu Wei's strength is not at a level at all, and it is not good to directly oppose it. He could only persuade Zhuge Liang to say, "It is difficult to travel south with my father; Before returning to Beijing, I sat without a seat; Now I want to go north again, but I am afraid of worrying. "
Although Zhuge Liang insisted on the Northern Expedition and did not listen to Liu Chan's advice, Liu Chan fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan immediately stopped the Northern Expedition which wasted national strength and money. On the appointment and dismissal of personnel, Liu Chan also showed his outstanding side. In view of Zhuge Liang's excessive power during his lifetime, Liu Chan abolished the prime minister system. Fei T is the secretary and general, and Jiang Wan is the fu. The two powers cross and contain each other, but each has its own emphasis. Jiang Wan is mainly responsible for government affairs and military affairs; Fei T is mainly in charge of military affairs, but also in charge of government affairs, military affairs and internal affairs. This new political arrangement means that Liu Chan will never have another embarrassing situation, that is, everything depends on the Prime Minister and he is marginalized. After the death of Jiang Wan, Liu Chan further "monopolized the state affairs". As a formal knight, Liu Chan agreed; The appointment and removal of personnel requires Liu Chan's consent; Sending troops to conquer requires Liu Chan's consent, and almost all major events require Liu Chan's consent. President Liu Chan directly took charge of the Shu-Han regime 19. Can a person with a low IQ think of and do this series of measures? Wei Lue also recorded such a thing: After Cao Shuang and Sima Yi were killed for power and profit, they were afraid of being dragged into Shu, and Liu Chan personally went out to meet them. His father Xia was killed by veteran Huang Zhong. When Liu Chan appeased Xia Houba who came to surrender, he said, "Your father's murder was not done by my ancestors."