Although China's management science has gradually formed a relatively perfect system in recent years, China's management science has a very long history. China's traditional management thought sprouted in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, flourished in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, settled in Han and Tang Dynasties, ended in Song and Yuan Dynasties, prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties, declined in the late Qing Dynasty and flourished in modern times. In the voluminous ancient books and practical activities, the theories and viewpoints of outstanding thinkers, strategists and politicians in ancient China on state management, military management and economic management are recorded, which contains rich management wisdom and practical experience.
1, traditional management period (1840 years ago)
The pre-Qin period was the germination and rising period of China's management thought. The idea of "change" contained in Zhouyi still has important enlightenment significance until today. Pre-Qin philosophers concentrated the essence of ancient management wisdom, and the influence of these thoughts has continued to this day. In the classic works of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi, the Confucian system of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom contains rich management thoughts. Laozi's management thought is profound, and inaction is the core of his management thought. Legalists directly influenced the political rule of past dynasties, and its core was the thought of divine power. Sun Tzu's Art of War is a great work of strategic thought, which enjoys a high reputation and great influence in the world. Mozi's thought of Shang Tong and frugality is of great reference value to modern management.
Qin and Han Dynasties is an important stage in the development of China's management thought. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified feudal dynasty in the history of China, and its management measures involved politics, economy, military affairs, culture and society, which were followed by successive dynasties in China after the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang admired Legalism, but in the Han Dynasty, he was the "overlord of Taoism". By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was adopted, making Confucianism the orthodox ideology of the whole feudal dynasty in China. Through a series of economic measures such as salt and iron monopoly, the national economic regulation system was formed in the Han Dynasty.
Sui and Tang Dynasties is another important stage in the development of China's management thought. The Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, and the Tang Empire pushed the feudal dynasty of China to its peak, and China's traditional management thought was fully developed. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, state governance and centralization were further strengthened. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty established the imperial examination system in a unique way while promoting the system of three provinces and six departments and streamlining local administrative institutions. Emperor Taizong was good at coachable, established the deliberation system, popularized and perfected the imperial examination system initiated by the Sui Dynasty, and organized the compilation of Zhenguan Tang Law. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the land tax management system was reformed, and the land equalization system and rent adjustment system appeared, "persuading farmers to plant mulberry and pay less taxes", which enabled the people to recuperate and the economy to recover rapidly.
The Song and Yuan Dynasties are the inheritance period of China's management thought. During this period, although the social economy continued to develop, social contradictions became increasingly acute. Some people in the ruling class advocate taking certain reform measures to alleviate various social contradictions from the perspective of maintaining and consolidating their rule. Wang Anshi's political reform is one of the outstanding representatives. Wang Anshi tried to change the weakness of the government at that time by controlling money and restraining mergers as the implementation means and increasing government revenue as the reform goal. However, the "ruling the country by Confucianism" advocated by Luye Chucai in Yuan Dynasty is conducive to easing ethnic contradictions and consolidating the feudal unified regime.
The late Ming and early Qing dynasties were another turbulent period in Chinese history. Social contradictions and ethnic contradictions are intertwined and very sharp. During this period, three thinkers, Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi, summarized and reflected on the lessons of the demise of the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of inheriting China's tradition and ancient naive materialism's, they advocated practical learning thought different from Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. The main ideas are: limiting monarchical power and reforming state governance; Reform the land and land tax system to promote agricultural development; Attach importance to business and increase social wealth.
The early Qing Dynasty was a period of consolidation and rise of the Qing Dynasty. From the perspective of consolidating his own rule, the emperor adopted a series of policies to rectify and reform the land tax and imperial examination system, which led to the last flourishing age of China feudal society, namely, the prosperous age of health and happiness. At the same time, with the further development of commerce, ten famous business gangs have emerged, namely, Shanxi Gang, Ningbo Gang, Shaanxi Gang, Shandong Gang, Guangdong Gang, Fujian Gang, Dongting Gang, Longyou Gang, Jiangyou Gang and Huizhou Gang. Local business groups have some common characteristics, such as unity and mutual assistance, honesty and diligence, but they have different characteristics because of the influence of local culture.
2. Modern management period (1840- 1949)
After the Opium War, the people of China started the patriotic national salvation movement, and Wei Yuan, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and other reformists appeared. Some enlightened Qing officials advocated "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", promoted the Westernization Movement and set up enterprises, such as Zeng Guofan's Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute and Li Hongzhang's Shanghai Artillery Bureau. And some industrialists also began to see the world, saving the country by industry, and founded Nanhai Jichanglong Nest Silk Factory, Yantai Changyu Brewery and other enterprises. These enterprises have purchased advanced foreign equipment, inquired about overseas management methods, and accumulated rich advanced experience in production, management and sales.
19 1 1 When the Revolution of 1911 broke out, Dr. Sun Yat-sen introduced the administrative system of western capitalist countries to China, and gradually formed economic management concepts such as "helping the poor and preventing inequality" and "opening to the outside world". At the same time, a group of scholars studying in Europe and America began to return to China, bringing back Taylor's scientific management ideas and carrying out management practice. In the Kuomintang-controlled areas, national capitalists and entrepreneurs struggled to survive between bureaucratic capital and foreign capital and carried out production and management practices. They did not stick to the mechanical form of western scientific management, but focused on people's feelings and psychology, and founded a number of competitive enterprises with China characteristics, such as Minsheng Company and East Asia Company. In the revolutionary base areas and liberated areas, the management of public industrial enterprises mainly refers to the practice of the Soviet Union, and carries out innovations in combination with their own conditions, such as the "three-person group" and the "long-term affairs meeting" in Liu Shaoqi.
3. Contemporary management period (1949 to present)
The establishment of the new China mainly refers to the management mode of the Soviet Union, and at the same time absorbs the traditional management ideas of the West and China, and implements the planned management system, the distribution according to work system, the economic accounting system, the production technology responsibility system, the labor protection system, and the ideological and political work system. In the practice of economic management, China people, represented by Mao Zedong, realized that they could not completely copy the management model of the Soviet Union and needed to actively explore China's own management system. Mao Zedong's On Ten Major Relationships is a preliminary exploration in this respect. After the Great Leap Forward and the people's commune movement, the central government implemented the policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and reference" and launched a new attempt of economic management in an all-round way, which reversed the passive situation of industrial production. Among them, the most noteworthy is the creative proposal of the management mode of "Angang Constitution" and "one reform, three combinations and two participants", which is the creative development of the mass line in enterprise management and plays an extremely important role in promoting the improvement of enterprise management level.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the Central Committee clearly put forward to take economic construction as the center and began to reform the economic management system. Since then, China has entered the golden age of economic management thought and practice innovation. No matter in the field of macro-economic management, meso-industrial economic management or micro-enterprise management, they are actively exploring management modes and methods with China characteristics while absorbing western management science. China management has entered a new era.