background
This war was endowed with the nature of religious war by the Vatican, calling for the recapture of the holy city of Jerusalem from pagans (Muslims). Inr is also figuratively compared to "crossing the bow to the moon". Take part in the war -{ taxi }- Soldiers wear a cross, so they are called Crusaders.
Every group participating in the crusade has its own purpose. Feudal lords and knights wanted to expand their territory; Businessmen in Venice, Genoa, Pisa and other places in Italy want to control the commerce in the eastern Mediterranean; The Pope wants to merge the Orthodox Church and expand the sphere of influence of Catholicism. Many farmers were publicized by the church and feudal lords and wanted to go to the East to find a paradise.
Eight expeditions to the east
1095165438+1October 26th, Pope UrbanⅡ held a meeting in Clemens, France, calling on all people to take up arms and recapture the "tomb of the Lord" from the pagans, and said that those who participated in the expedition could forgive their sins, those who died in battle could go to heaven, and the first Crusade began. 1099 Crusaders occupied Jerusalem and established the kingdom of Jerusalem. At the same time, they also established three subordinate small countries: Edzabo, Tripoli and Antioch.
1 144, the seljuk empire captured Edesa. The King of Jerusalem turned to French King Louis VII and German King Conrad III for help, and started the second Crusade (1147-1149), and the result was disastrous.
1 187, Saladin of Egypt captured Jerusalem and captured the king of Jerusalem. Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (with red beard), Lionheart Richard I of England and King Philip II of France launched the third Crusade (1189-1192), but they were jointly resisted by Saladin and the Eastern Roman Empire and failed. Frederick I also fell into the water and died on the way.
1202, Pope Innocent III launched the fourth Crusade (1202- 1204). The initial goal was Egypt. Later, the military plan was changed, and Constantinople was captured and looted for a week. Most of the land of the Byzantine Empire was also conquered and the Latin Empire was established (1204- 126 1).
12 12 The church organized children's crusades in France and Germany. 12 18 launched the fifth crusade (1218-1221), targeting Egypt. 12 19 Damietta was captured, and 122 1 was forced to retreat due to the Nile flooding.
The sixth Crusade (1228- 1229) still targeted Egypt. Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, acquired Jerusalem, Bethlehem and the corridor to the Mediterranean for the second kingdom of Jerusalem. 1244, Khorezm reoccupied Jerusalem with the support of Egypt.
King Louis IX of France launched the Seventh Crusade (1248- 1254), which miserably attacked Egypt, and Louis IX was captured. 1250 redeemed with a large ransom.
The Eighth Crusade, led by French King Louis IX, attacked Tunisia. There was an epidemic on the road. Louis IX died of illness and the army retreated.
Since then, neither the Pope nor the king can call for the Crusade, and the Crusade's territory in the East gradually fell into the hands of Muslims. 129 1 year, the last stronghold Ake (located in present-day northern Palestine) fell, the kingdom of Jerusalem perished, and the Crusade ended in failure.
affect
The Crusades brought great disasters to the people of Mediterranean countries, and the people of Western European countries also suffered heavy losses. Thousands of crusaders died. At the same time, the Vatican and feudal lords gained a lot of wealth. On the other hand, the Crusades also promoted cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and accelerated the development of handicrafts and commerce in Western Europe.