Oat belongs to Gramineae, Avenaceae and Avena, and is an important food and feed crop widely planted all over the world. It has excellent characteristics such as drought resistance, cold resistance, barren resistance and high nutritional and health care value. The main cultivated varieties are divided into barnyard grass and bare grain. There are mainly barnyard grass types in countries all over the world, among which the most important is common cultivated oat, also known as feed oat (A. sativa), and China is the origin center of naked oats (A. nuda), and the output of naked oats accounts for more than 90% of the total output of oats. Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, Southwest China, Guangdong, Guangxi and Central China are all cultivated.
Oats not only have high nutritional value, but also have certain medical functions. The contents of protein, fat, lysine and calories in oats are relatively high. It is also rich in linoleic acid, which can reduce the long-term accumulation of cholesterol in the cardiovascular system and is of great benefit to the prevention of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia in the elderly. Moreover, oats also have medical functions such as cancer prevention and constipation treatment.
Basic information
Chinese name
oat
boundary
plant kingdom
door
Vascular endothelial cell
The branch of academic or vocational research.
grass
belong to
avena
Spread out completely
species diversity
Oats have been planted in China for more than 2000 years. In the long history, people are naturally selected.
Different species (varieties) and varieties have evolved through industrial selection, and many oat germplasm resources have been introduced from abroad, which has enriched the oat germplasm resources in China.
There are about 30 kinds of oats in the world, including 5 cultivated species and 25 wild species. There are 27 species of oats in China, which are divided into cultivated species and wild species, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species according to chromosome ploidy level, skinless oats and naked oats according to naked skin, and domestic and foreign species according to sources.
classify
Oats belong to Gramineae and can be divided into hulled oats (hulled oats) and hullless oats (naked oats). Skin oats are mainly used as feed and forage grass, and naked oats can be used as food, feed and forage grass. Oats grown in China are mainly hullless oats, and we usually eat naked oats.
morphological character
Spikelets contain 1-2 florets; Spikelet axis is nearly hairless or sparsely short hair, which is not easy to break; Diyiwai
The back of lemma is hairless, the basal plate has only a few short hairs or nearly hairless and awnless, or only the back has 1 straight awn, and the second lemma is hairless and usually awnless.
There are great genetic differences in plant height, ear traits and grain traits of common cultivated oat varieties in China.
Plant height
For oat varieties listed in the national catalogue, the plant height is generally 100- 120cm, the shortest is only 23.4cm, the highest is 175cm, and the difference between the highest and the shortest is more than 7 times. According to the statistics of Liu Xu, among 1273 local varieties of naked oats, the minimum plant height is only 23.4cm, the maximum plant height is 15 1.5cm, the average plant height is 106.4cm, and the standard deviation is14./kl.
Ear characteristics
Panicle type, barnyard grass color, canopy type and canopy shape are quite different.
Spike type
It can be divided into peripheral type and lateral type. Peripheral dispersion type can be divided into peripheral loose type and peripheral tight type, and lateral dispersion type can be divided into lateral loose type and lateral tight type.
Barn shell color
There are white, yellow, brown, red, purple, black and other colors, of which yellow and white account for the majority.
Awning and awning
Mans can be divided into awnless and awned. There are short and long awns, curved and straight awns, thick and thin awns.
Particle characteristics
The shape, color, size and bare degree of seeds are obviously different.
shape
The shapes of seeds are spindle, oval, oblong, oblong and oval, among which spindle is the most, accounting for about 50%, followed by oval, accounting for about 20%.
colour
The colors of seeds are white, yellow, brown, red and black. Among the local varieties of naked oats, yellow seeds account for more than 75.0%, accounting for the majority.
size
Particle size is generally expressed by 1000-grain weight, the lowest is less than 10g, the highest is more than 40g, and the difference is 30g. Liu Xu and other surveys showed that the 1000-grain weight of local varieties of naked oats ranged from 6.70g to 36. 1 g, with an average of18.40g and a standard deviation of 3.35g.
Naked skin
Among the 3202 oat germplasm resources listed in the national catalogue, there are 1265 oats with skin and 1937 naked oats. Among the 2 187 germplasm resources originating in China, naked oats have 190 1 share, accounting for 86.9%; Of the 10 15 germplasm resources introduced from abroad, only 36 are naked oats, accounting for 3.5%.
geographical distribution
Mainly distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Oat-growing provinces are mainly Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Mongolia and Shanxi, followed by Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Qinghai and Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou mountainous areas.
Economic characteristics
There are obvious genetic variations in maturity, growth period and yield traits of common cultivated oats in China.
mature period
There are five varieties in different places: early maturity, early maturity, middle maturity, late maturity and late maturity.
period of duration
There is a great difference in the length of the growth period. The growth period of the earliest variety in the north is only about 70 days, while the latest variety is 120d days, with a difference of 50 days. In southwest China, the growth period of most varieties is about 220d, and the latest maturity can reach more than 260d d.
Yield character
There are great differences in yield traits, such as the grain weight per plant is1-10g; The grain weight of main spike is about 1g, the lowest is only 0.3g, and the highest is 5g. The helix has at least 2 layers and at most 9 layers; The number of spikelets in the main spike is less than 10, and the maximum is 80, with a difference of 70.
ecotype
China Oat Ecological Zone can be divided into six zones, each zone has its own variety type, and there are obvious differences among the ecological types.
Early maturity ecotype of dry land in hilly and mountainous areas of northern China
This ecotype is similar to the early-maturing ecotype in North China in many characters, the main difference is that the growth period is short (75-85d), the plants are short, the filling speed is fast, and the 1000-grain weight is about 20g.
Early maturity ecotype in North China
The growth period of this ecological variety is about 90 days, with spring sowing (early April) and summer harvest (middle and late July). The seedlings are erect or semi-erect, with moderate tillering ability, short plants, few spikelets and florets, and 1000-grain weight 16-20g. Cold, drought and lodging resistance. There are many early-maturing and middle-late-maturing varieties.
Middle and Late Maturing Ecotype in Hilly Dryland of North China
The ecotype variety has a long growth period (95- 1 10d) and grows in summer (middle and late May).
Sowing and harvesting in autumn (late August to early September). Most of the seedlings are semi-prostrate or prostrate, with slow growth and strong tillering ability. In the rainy season (July), plants quickly jointing, rapid development, tall plants, soft stems, long and narrow leaves drooping. The seeds are large, with a 1000-grain weight of 22-25g. Most of them are mid-late maturing varieties.
North beach and Sichuan middle-maturing ecotype
The growth period of this ecological variety is 85-95d, which is usually sown in early summer (early and middle May) and harvested in autumn (August). The plant is tall, the stem is tough and lodging-resistant.
Southwest Pingba Ecological Zone
It is mainly distributed in Pingba, the southwest plateau of China, with a growing period of 200-220d, sowing in autumn (10 10) and harvesting in summer (late May to early June) the following year. The growth and development of seedlings are slow, the creeping period is slightly shorter than that of southwest alpine ecotype, and the cold resistance is strong. The leaves are wide, the plants are tall and the stems are hard. The filling period is a little longer, and the 1000-grain weight is about 17g.
Southwest alpine ecotype
This ecological type is mainly distributed in the high mountain areas with an altitude of 2000-3000m in the southwest of China. The growth period is 220-240d, with autumn sowing (65438+1mid-late October) and summer harvest (mid-June to early July). The seedlings have long creeping period, strong tillering ability, slender leaves and strong cold resistance. The plant is tall, the stem is soft, and it is not resistant to lodging. The seeds are small, the 1000-grain weight is about 15g, and some varieties are less than 12g.
nutritional ingredient
fat
More than 90% of more than 4,000 kinds of oats in the world have a fat content of 5.
%-9%, equivalent to 4-5 times of rice and white flour, ranking first among all cereals. Oat fat is 80% unsaturated fatty acid, mainly monounsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, in which linoleic acid accounts for 38. 1%-52.0% of the fat content. Linoleic acid is the most important essential fatty acid for human body, which has important physiological functions and can reduce the accumulation of cholesterol in cardiovascular system.
Protein and amino acids
The content of protein in oats is very rich (15.6%), which is 1.6-2.3 times that of rice and wheat flour, ranking first among cereals. Oat protein has high nutritional value and contains 18 amino acids, 8 of which are essential amino acids for human body. Eight kinds of essential amino acids are not only rich in content and reasonable in proportion, but also close to the nutritional model recommended by FAO/ WHO, with high human utilization rate. Among them, the content of lysine in oat is more than twice that of wheat and rice, and the content of tryptophan is more than 1.7 times that of wheat and rice. Lysine, the first restrictive amino acid in various cereals commonly consumed by Chinese residents, is rich in oats (680mg/ 100g). Therefore, the supplement of oat food can make up for the "lysine deficiency" caused by the dietary structure in China.
vitamin
Oats are rich in vitamins, including vitamins B 1 and B2, and more vitamins E, nicotinic acid and folic acid. Among them, the contents of vitamin B 1 and B2 are higher than those of rice, and the contents of vitamin E are also higher than those of flour and rice.
mineral
Oats are also rich in minerals, including calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper and selenium. In particular, the content of calcium is significantly higher than that of wheat flour, rice, millet and buckwheat noodles. The selenium content in oats is also very high, reaching 0.696μg/g, which is 3.72 times that of wheat, 7.9 times that of corn and 34.8 times that of rice.
dietary fibre
Dietary fiber is a natural organic polymer compound, which is non-starch formed by dehydration polymerization of monosaccharide.
Polysaccharide can not be decomposed by digestive enzymes in human body, and it is an indispensable carbohydrate to maintain health, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin and so on. According to its solubility characteristics, it can be divided into soluble fiber and insoluble fiber. Oats have both soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber, so they are also called "aristocrats" in the natural dietary fiber family. The total cellulose content of oats is 17%-2 1%, in which soluble dietary fiber (mainly β-glucan) accounts for about 1/3 of the total dietary fiber, which is significantly higher than other cereals.
Oat antioxidant
Oat contains a variety of antioxidant active components, such as phenolic compounds, phytic acid, sterols, vitamin E, etc. Among them, phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and catechol are the most abundant, which are irregularly distributed in oat seeds. The content of antioxidants in oat products is affected by processing methods. Oat antioxidant has the functions of scavenging free radicals, lowering serum cholesterol and inhibiting the oxidation of low density lipoprotein.
Oat starch
Oat starch is easier to gelatinize than other starches, and the gelatinization temperature is 56.0-74.0℃. Compared with corn and wheat starch, oat starch is not easy to age. Oat starch can provide sufficient energy for human life activities and is an important energy substance.
Main value
Grain is used for grinding or as feed, which has high nutritional value.
In ancient China, oats were not only a kind of food with hunger and cold tolerance, but also a kind of medicine. Ancient books in China recorded that oats can be used for breastfeeding and treating malnutrition in infants and the elderly. Chinese medicine believes that oats are sweet and flat, and can cure sweating. Oat is a well-known food and medicine crop.
Reduce cholesterol and blood lipid
The results of clinical trials show that oat can significantly reduce serum total cholesterol and low-density cholesterol.
Sterol, triglyceride and β-lipoprotein can increase serum high-density cholesterol to a certain extent, and the effect of reducing blood lipid is very obvious. The main reason is that oats contain many substances that can lower cholesterol, such as monounsaturated fatty acids and soluble dietary fiber. β -glucan in oat soluble dietary fiber can form colloid when digested in small intestine, thus wrapping cholic acid rich in cholesterol and preventing cholesterol from being absorbed into blood. At the same time, oats contain more linoleic acid, which can combine with cholesterol to form esters and then degrade. Oats are very nutritious.