/kloc-What historical events changed the world and China in the 0/7th century?
The key word of this question is "change".
political system
17th century, the biggest thing that changed the world was 1640, when the bourgeois revolution broke out in Britain. The British bourgeois revolution was a social revolution from 1640, when Charles I convened a new parliament, to 1688, when James II abdicated. The feudal rule was overthrown and the British capitalist system was established, represented by the new noble class. Therefore, 1640 was determined as the beginning of modern world history. World history has taken a turning point. Since then, the social system of the whole world has undergone fundamental changes, and capitalism will eventually replace feudalism.
1644 it is a great event to enter the customs in Manchu dynasty. What changed China? It is a change that the Han emperor changed to the Qing emperor, which is a minority regime with Manchu as the main body. Ethnic minorities have played an active role in promoting the development of the Chinese nation. The Chinese nation is a big multi-ethnic family. However, the emperor has changed and the emperor is still the emperor. Contradictions within the feudal society were concealed and alleviated, and the feudal system lasted for more than 200 years in China (capitalism sprouted in China in the late Ming Dynasty). Moreover, the later Manchu regime was more corrupt and humiliated by foreign imperialist powers, which left the Chinese nation in dire straits.
science and technology
/kloc-Europe in the 0/7th century (including the past16th century), the long Middle Ages have ended, the Renaissance has brought people's awakening, and the complicated philosophical and theological dogmatic authority that bound people's free development of ideas has been gradually destroyed. Feudal society began to disintegrate, replaced by capitalist society, and the productive forces were greatly liberated. The prosperity of handicraft industry in capitalist workshops and the transition to machine production have promoted the rapid development of technical science and mathematics. For example, in navigation, in order to determine the position of ships, more accurate astronomical observations are needed. In the military field, ballistics has become the central research topic. The manufacture of accurate timers, the excavation of canals, the construction of dams, the theory of planetary elliptical orbits, and so on. , also need a lot of complicated calculations. Elementary mathematics since ancient Greece has gradually failed to meet the needs at that time.
In the history of science, many important events happened in this period, which put forward new topics for mathematics. First of all, Copernicus put forward the theory of earth motion, which fundamentally shook the geocentric theory, an important theoretical pillar of theology. His disciple Rhaticus saw that the astronomical observation at that time was becoming more and more precise, and it was urgent to calculate the detailed trigonometric function table, so he began to make sine, tangent and secant tables every 10. " At that time, Rhaticus and his assistant worked hard for 65,438+02 years until his disciple Otto died. /kloc-In the second half of the 6th century, Danish astronomer Tycho made a lot of accurate astronomical observations. On this basis, the German astronomer Kepler summed up the three laws of planetary motion, which led Newton to discover gravity. Kepler's "New Solid Geometry of Wooden Buckets" regards wooden barrels as the accumulation of numerous circular slices, and calculates its volume from it. This is the precursor work of integral calculus. Galileo, an Italian scientist, advocated that natural science research must carry out systematic observation and experiments, and make full use of mathematical tools to explore the mysteries of nature. These viewpoints have great influence on the development of science (especially physics and mathematics). His student cavalieri founded the principle of indivisibility. Relying on this principle, he solved many problems that can only be solved by more rigorous integration methods now. The idea of "inseparability" sprouted in 1620 and was deeply influenced by Kepler and Galileo. This is the transition from the exhaustive method of eudoxus in Greece to Newton and Leibniz calculus. /kloc-Italy in the 6th century also made a series of achievements in the theory of algebraic equations. Tattaglia, cardano, Ferrari and Bombelli discovered and improved the general solutions of cubic and quartic equations successively, and used imaginary numbers for the first time. This is the greatest breakthrough in algebra since Diophantine in Greece. The French Vedas combined the achievements of predecessors, created a large number of algebraic symbols, expressed unknowns with letters, improved the calculation method and greatly changed algebra. In digital calculation, Steven systematically expounded and used decimals, and then Napier created logarithms, which greatly accelerated the calculation speed. Later Pascal invented the adder and Leibniz invented the multiplier. Although it is not practical, it opens up a new way of mechanical calculation. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the main subjects of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry) have basically taken shape, but the development of mathematics is in the ascendant, and it has entered the next stage of the history of mathematics at an accelerated pace. The difference between the variable mathematics period and the previous period (usually called the elementary mathematics period) is that the previous period mainly used static methods to study individual elements of the objective world, while this period explored them from the perspective of movement. Variable mathematics began with the establishment of analytic geometry, followed by the rise of calculus. During this period, new fields such as probability theory and projective geometry also appeared one after another. But it seems to be overshadowed by the powerful brilliance of calculus. Analytics developed with a surging trend and reached an unprecedented brilliant level in the18th century. Its rich content and wide application make people dizzying. Mathematics established in this period is roughly equivalent to the learning content of freshmen and sophomores in universities today. In order to distinguish it from elementary mathematics in middle schools, it is sometimes called classical advanced mathematics, and this period is correspondingly called classical advanced mathematics period. The appearance of analytic geometry is generally marked by the publication of Descartes' Geometry. The main achievements of geometry can be summarized as three points: unifying the two opposing research objects "shape" and "number" in the past, introducing variables, and solving classical geometric problems by algebraic methods; Finally, the homogeneity restriction of the Greeks was abandoned; Improved algebraic symbols. The French mathematician Fermat also shared the honor of creating analytic geometry. His discovery may have preceded Descartes, but it was published very late. He is an amateur mathematician who has made great contributions to number theory, probability theory and optics. He grasped the essence of calculus and put forward the method of finding the minimum value of function. He established many number theory theorems, among which Fermat's last theorem is the most famous, but this is only a guess and has not been proved. Interest in probability theory originated from the development of insurance, but it came from the requirements of gamblers, prompting mathematicians to think about some special probability problems. Fermat, Pascal and Huygens were the early founders of probability theory. After the research of Laplace and Poisson in 18 and 19 centuries, probability theory became a huge branch of mathematics with wide application. While analyzing geometry, another great change has taken place in the field of geometry in17th century, that is, the establishment of projective geometry. The decisive progress is the work of Dezag and Pascal. The former introduces infinite point and infinite line, and discusses poles and lines, transmission and perspective. The "Dezag Theorem" he discovered is the basic theorem of all projective geometry. Pascal's conic curve theory published in 1640 is the greatest progress of conic curve theory since apollonius. However, mathematicians at that time were mostly devoted to analytical research, and projective geometry was not paid attention to, and it did not attract people's attention again until the end of 18. 17th century is a rich period of creation, and the most brilliant achievement is the invention of calculus. Its appearance is a great event in the whole history of mathematics and the whole history of mankind. It comes from the needs of production technology and theoretical science, and has a far-reaching impact on the development of production technology and natural science. Calculus for today's scientific and technological workers, has been like a piece of cloth, silk and millet, an instant inseparable.
Newton (and Leibniz), the great figures in the history of science, lived in this century, and their brilliant achievements illuminated and changed the world.
Forgive me for quoting a lot of materials here and telling such a large section of scientific and technological events. Science and technology are the primary productive forces. These scientific and technological achievements are still being studied and utilized by people in today's world.
The reform of the system has liberated people's minds and ensured the rapid development of science and technology. The progress of science and technology shows the superiority of the capitalist system over the old system, promotes the development of social productive forces, and consolidates the European capitalist system and its reputation in the world. Therefore, the achievements of science and technology are described in detail as "a great event". /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the progress of science and technology in the world has greatly changed the production mode of human society and the world.