1, Feuerbach
Feuerbach is a famous German materialist philosopher. Starting from humanism, he criticized Kant's agnosticism and Hegel's idealism, restored the authority of materialism, and became an intermediate link in the development of German classical idealism to Marxist philosophy.
Feuerbach affirmed that nature exists independently without human consciousness, time and space are forms of material existence, and people can know the objective world. However, while Feuerbach resumed materialism, he failed to truly inherit the excellent legacy of German classical idealism philosophy, that is, dialectical thought, so his materialism still has the limitations of the old materialism.
2. Hobbes
"Object" is the basic category of Hobbes' philosophical system. Hobbes believes that there are only objects made of matter in the world. Hobbes gave a clear definition of objects. He believes that "an object is something that does not depend on our thoughts. It is consistent with a certain part of space or has the same extension".
The object mentioned by Hobbes has the following characteristics: it exists objectively and does not depend on our thoughts; Occupy a certain space; Can be known. The concept of things mentioned by Hobbes is basically close to the concept of matter in Marxist philosophy.
3. Heraclitus
Heraclitus' theory is based on Pythagoras' theory. He borrowed Pythagoras' concept of "harmony" and thought that there was a certain degree of harmony behind opposition and conflict, but coordination itself was not noticeable.
Heraclitus famously said that "man cannot walk into the same river twice", and Heraclitus advocated "the movement of all things" and "the flow of all things", which made him an outstanding representative of the "mobile school" with simple dialectical thoughts at that time.
4.bacon
Bacon put forward the basic principle of materialism and empiricism, and thought that feeling is the beginning of understanding, completely reliable and the source of all knowledge. He attaches great importance to the role of scientific experiments in cognition, and thinks that experiments are necessary to make up for the lack of senses and reveal the mysteries of nature in depth.
5. Marx
Marx believes that philosophy is the liberation of human thoughts, that is, it is the spiritual weapon for the proletariat to challenge the social system. Only under the guidance of scientific philosophy can the proletariat thoroughly criticize the capitalist society, establish a new communist society and finally liberate itself.
When Marx was young, he was deeply influenced by Hegel's dialectics theory, a famous contemporary German philosopher, and agreed that everything evolved from it. But unlike Hegel's idealism, Marx's thought is materialistic. He sublated Hegel's dialectical theory and his own materialism, and achieved unique dialectical materialism and historical materialism.