People's Education Edition, Seventh Grade, Volume II Historical Knowledge 1
Lesson six? Politics in northern song dynasty
First, Song Taizu strengthens centralization ★★★★
1. organizational system: In 960, Zhao Kuangyin (Song Taizu), a general at the end of the Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi, with Kaifeng as its capital, which was known as the Northern Song Dynasty.
2. Unification: Song Taizu and his successors successively eliminated the separatist regime in the south, ending the separatist situation in the Central Plains and the south.
3. Measures? (1) militarily, the imperial generals relieved the military power through a glass of wine and took control of the army; Control the transfer of troops, so that the imperial generals have the weight of holding troops and have no right to send troops; Also often change the army generals, regular substitutions.
(2) Politically: ① In the central government, the method of dividing powers is adopted to weaken the relative power. Set up a number of people equivalent to the deputy prime minister to discuss political affairs with the prime minister; Set up multiple institutions to carve up the military, political and financial power of the Prime Minister. (2) At the local level, civil servants are appointed as county chiefs, and they are frequently mobilized and rotated every three years; Set up chief judges in state capitals to know the power of state capitals.
(3) Financially, abolish the tax collection right of our era, set up a transshipment ambassador, and return local taxes to the central government.
4. Influence: The Song Dynasty strengthened centralization unprecedentedly, and the imperial power was greatly strengthened.
Second, the policy of valuing literature over martial arts.
1. Objective: To prevent military commanders from threatening centralization.
2. Measures
(1) Attach importance to civilian: Song Taizu attaches great importance to civilian control of military and political power, while Song Taizong continues to adopt the policy of restraining military commanders and upgrading their status. The pattern of civil servants leading troops has gradually taken shape. Civil servants hold important positions in the central and local governments, even presiding over military affairs, and military commanders are restrained in many ways.
(2) Pay attention to the development of culture and education, and reform and develop the imperial examination system. It has created a strong reading atmosphere in the whole country, promoted the improvement of the cultural literacy of the whole society, and created a cultural situation of developed science and technology, cultural prosperity and talented people in the Song Dynasty.
3. Dialectical understanding of the policy of valuing literature over martial arts in the Northern Song Dynasty.
(1) Positive impact: ① It has put an end to the domineering, mutiny and political transfer of military commanders, which is conducive to political stability, social stability and economic development. (2) Created the Song Dynasty with advanced science and technology, prosperous culture and talented people.
(2) Negative effects: ① Civil servants are in charge of the army, unfamiliar with the military, but not specialized in the military, unpredictable and handsome, which seriously weakened the combat effectiveness of the army and led to repeated defeats in the war with ethnic minorities in the Northern Song Dynasty. (2) Paying more attention to literature than martial arts has formed a bureaucratic group dominated by scholar-officials. However, due to the overlapping and mutual restriction of political institutions, there are too many officials and overstaffed people, which not only leads to the decline of government efficiency, but also increases the financial expenditure of the court.
People's education edition, seventh grade, second volume, historical knowledge II
Lesson 7 Coexistence of Liao, Xixia and Northern Song Dynasty
First, the Khitan and the Tangut
1. Khitan nationality
(1) Living area: nomadic people in northern China.
(2) Founding of the People's Republic of China:/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Lu Ye's Baoji (Liao Taizu) unified the ministries of the Khitan, established the Khitan State (sometimes called the Khitan State, sometimes called the Liao State), and set its capital in Beijing, adjacent to Huangfu.
(3) Rule: After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's national strength has been continuously enhanced by developing production and creating characters.
2. Tangut (1) Residential area: Living in northwest China, then concentrated in eastern Gansu and northwestern Shaanxi.
(2) Founding of the People's Republic of China:165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Yuan Hao was known as the Emperor of Daxia, with Xingqing House as its capital and Xixia in history.
(3) Rule: Yuan Haowen imitated the system of Tang and Song Dynasties, established official system, military system and laws, encouraged reclamation, developed agriculture and animal husbandry economy, and created Xixia characters.
Second, the Liao, Northern Song and Xixia Peace Wars ★★★★★
1, Northern Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty-Zen Temple Alliance
(1) Background: In Song Zhenzong, Kou Zhun urged Song Zhenzong to make a personal expedition, and Song Jun repelled the Liao army.
(2) Content: Liao and Song negotiated peace, Liao withdrew, and Song gave Liao old coins.
(3) Evaluation: ① The "Temple Alliance" is the embodiment of the power contrast between Song and Liao, which has brought far-reaching influence to both Song and Liao countries.
② For the Northern Song Dynasty, the "alliance of one source" was a humiliating peace treaty, and the New Year coins became a heavy burden for the people of the Northern Song Dynasty.
(3) For Liao people, the "Alliance of Yuan" not only saved Liao soldiers from danger, but also got lucky money.
④ From the development of the whole Chinese nation, the conclusion of the "Yuan Dynasty Alliance" has its positive side: it ended the decades-long war between Song and Liao, and kept the border between Song and Liao in a relatively peaceful and stable state for a long time. Frequent economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides are conducive to the development of production in border areas and to the development and unification of China's multi-ethnic countries.
2. The relationship between Xixia and Northern Song Dynasty
(1) War: After Yuan Hao proclaimed himself emperor, he attacked the Northern Song Dynasty many times, and the Northern Song Dynasty was losing ground, but Xixia suffered heavy losses.
(2) Negotiation: The Northern Song Dynasty made peace with Xixia, Yuan Hao became a vassal state of Song Dynasty, and Song gave Xixia a New Year's coin. Border trade flourished in Song and Xia Dynasties.
3. How to correctly understand the relationship between the Northern Song Dynasty and ethnic minorities?
(1) There was war and peace between Song Liao and Song and Xia Dynasties, and they were intertwined, but "peace" has always been the mainstream of the development of ethnic relations.
(2) The Liao-Song War and the Song-Xia War were just brothers' struggles within the big family of the Chinese nation. There is a difference between justice and injustice, but there is no difference between aggression and anti-aggression. It has brought profound disasters to the people of the Central Plains, but objectively it has also promoted national integration and is conducive to national reunification.
◆ Confusion analysis
What are the similarities and differences between The Alliance of Buddhist Monasteries and the Peace Treaty between Song and Xia Dynasties?
Different: Song and Liao became brothers. Xia chansons became a vassal.
Tong: Both Song and Xia ended the large-scale state of war between the two sides; Objectively conducive to peaceful coexistence between the two sides; In the song dynasty, lucky money was given.
People's education edition, seventh grade, volume 2, historical knowledge 3
Lesson 8? The confrontation between Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty
First, the rise of the Jurchen nationality.
1. Life profile: Living in Heilongjiang River Basin and Changbai Mountain, living a nomadic fishing and hunting life.
2. Unification: 1 1 At the end of the century, Akuta, the leader of Hong Yan, unified the ministries of Jurchen.
3. Founding of the People's Republic of China:115. Akuta established the Jurchen regime, with Daikin as its name and Huining as its capital.
4. Measures: Imitate the system of the Central Plains Dynasty, reform the military and political system of the Jurchen tribe, promulgate the Jurchen script, develop production and rapidly expand its power.
Second, Jin destroyed Liao and the Northern Song Dynasty
1. Destroy Liao: 1 125, Liao was destroyed by gold.
2. Destroy the Song Dynasty: 1 127. Jin Jun broke Kaifeng and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.
Third, the eccentricity of the Southern Song Dynasty.
1. Compilation: 1 127, Zhao Gou (Song Gaozong) proclaimed himself emperor, and later made Lin 'an his capital, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history.
2. Anti-Jin: Yue Fei and other anti-Jin generals recovered a lot of lost ground from the Jin Army, and "Yue Jiajun" defeated the main force of the Jin Army in Yancheng.
3. Peace: (1) Reason: He was afraid that the anti-Jin forces would grow and endanger his rule, so he made peace with Jin and killed Yue Fei on trumped-up charges.
(2) Content: In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin became a vassal and was given gold coins. The two sides drew a dividing line from Huaishui to Dasanguan.
(3) Influence: The confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties was formed. Later, Jin moved the capital to Yanjing and changed its name to Zhongdu. The ruler of the Southern Song Dynasty was partial to a corner of the south of the Yangtze River.
Thinking: What is the reason why Yue Fei will always be remembered by future generations? ★★★★★
(1) Jin Jun went south to attack the Song Dynasty, burning, killing and looting, which harmed the people. Yue Fei's resistance to gold defended the safety of people's lives and property and the high development of economy and culture in the Central Plains, which was in line with the interests of the broad masses of the people and was just.
(2) Yue Jiajun, led by Yue Fei, was disciplined, brave and good at fighting. He defeated the Jin army many times and won the support and support of the people.
(3) Yue Fei made outstanding achievements in resisting gold, but was framed and killed by the capitulators, which won the sympathy of the people. Therefore, Yue Fei will always be remembered by people.
Abstract: The establishment of state power in Song Dynasty.
People's Education Edition, Seventh Grade, Volume II, Historical Knowledge 4
Lesson 9? Economic development in Song Dynasty
I. Agricultural development
1. Reasons: from the middle and late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty: ① There were few wars in the south; ② The Central Plains people who moved south brought advanced technology and labor; ③ The natural conditions in the south are superior; (4) Measures taken by the rulers; ⑤ The hard work of the working people.
2. Regional expansion: Since the Song Dynasty, economic development has further expanded to the west of Xiangjiang River, while Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong and Guangxi have also made great progress.
3. Performance: The population has increased, the cultivated land area has expanded, the farming technology has improved, and agriculture has achieved unprecedented development.
(1) Rice: ① Variety: Zhancheng rice introduced from Vietnam was popularized to the southeast in the Northern Song Dynasty. Farmers in the south have also cultivated many excellent varieties, which greatly increased the yield of rice. ② Region: Due to the strong advocacy of the imperial court, rice from the south was also promoted in the north. Results: The output of rice jumped to the top of food crops, and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake basin became rich granaries, and the proverb "Su Hu is ripe and the world is full" appeared.
(2) Cash crops: ① Tea tree: Tea tree is widely planted in southern China. (2) In the late Southern Song Dynasty, cotton planting areas had been pushed northward to Jianghuai and Sichuan and Sichuan.
Second, the prosperity of handicrafts.
1. Textile industry: (1) The silk weaving industry in the south is better than that in the north, and the silk weaving production in Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang is developed. (2) In the late Southern Song Dynasty, the cotton textile industry rose. In Hainan Island, there are more advanced cotton textile tools and a variety of cotton textiles.
2. Porcelain industry: Porcelain from Ding Yao, Hebei Province, Ruyao, Henan Province and Geyao, Zhejiang Province gives people a unique aesthetic feeling. It rose in Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty and later developed into a famous porcelain capital. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan area has become the center of China porcelain industry.
3. Shipbuilding: The shipbuilding industries in Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou were at a high level and were in the leading position in the world at that time. On the outskirts of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was the earliest wharf in the world. Ships made in the Southern Song Dynasty are equipped with compasses.
Third, the prosperity of commercial trade ★★★★★
1. Business
(1) Cities: There are many commercial cities along the Yellow River, Yangtze River and Canal. The biggest cities are Kaifeng and Hangzhou, with a population of one million. There are also morning markets and night markets.
(2) Villages and towns: formed a new business circle, called Caoshi; Towns between urban and rural areas have also developed into important commercial and trade areas.
(3) Paper money: In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world. In the Southern Song Dynasty, paper money developed into a currency parallel to copper coins.
2. Foreign trade
(1) Ports: Guangzhou and Quanzhou are world-famous commercial ports.
(2) Scope: The traces of China's merchant ships are as close as North Korea and Japan, as far as Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of Africa.
(3) Management: The imperial court encouraged overseas trade and set up municipal shipping companies in major ports for management.
Fourth, the economic center of gravity moved south.
1. Time: The economic center of gravity moved south, from the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty.
2. Performance: The central financial revenue mainly comes from the south, especially the southeast. The country is fundamental and depends on the southeast.
Thinking: 1. Why did overseas trade develop in Song Dynasty?
(1) The development of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in the Song Dynasty laid the foundation for the development of overseas trade.
(2) The shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty was developed, equipped with advanced compasses and able to sail in the ocean.
(3) In Song Dynasty, overseas trade was encouraged, and city shipping companies were set up in major ports for management, which promoted the development of overseas trade.
(4) During the Song Dynasty, the northern ethnic regimes coexisted, and the Silk Road on land was blocked, so the government turned to vigorously develop maritime trade.
2. The process of the economic center of gravity moving south.
China's economic center of gravity is bounded by Qinling-Huaihe River, and its southward migration process can be divided into three periods:
(1) In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Jiangnan economy began to develop.
(2) During the Southern Dynasties, a large number of people in the north moved south, and the economy in the south of the Yangtze River further developed, which laid the foundation for the economic center of gravity to move south.
(3) From the middle and late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, there were few wars in the south, and a large number of people in the north moved south, which brought advanced production technology, accelerated the economic development of the south and gradually surpassed the north. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the shift of economic center of gravity to the south was finally completed.
People's education edition, seventh grade, volume 2, historical knowledge 5
Lesson 65438? The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of Yuan Dynasty
First, Genghis Khan unified Mongolia.
1. Background: Mongolians are an ancient ethnic group in northern China, living a nomadic life. /kloc-in the 0/2 century, wars frequently occurred between tribes, and people looked forward to the unification of grasslands and the end of wars.
2. Unification: 1206, Temujin completed the unification of Mongolian grasslands, established the Mongolian regime, and was honored as Genghis Khan.
Second, Mongolia destroyed Xixia and destroyed Jin.
1. Destroy Xia: 1227, Genghis Khan led an army to destroy Xixia.
2. Elimination of gold: 1234, Mongolia eliminated gold.
Third, the establishment and unification of the Yuan Dynasty.
1. Compilation: 1260, Kublai Khan inherited the Khan position; 127 1 year, the name of the country was changed to yuan, and most of it was the capital city.
2. Rule: Kublai Khan accepted the suggestions of Han Confucian scholars, such as "practicing Chinese law", "being benevolent" and "not being addicted to killing", and implemented the general plan of "governing the country and protecting the people", opening up the road, rectifying official management and attaching importance to agriculture and mulberry. According to the ruling style of the Central Plains Dynasty, various institutions were established.
3. Unification: 1276, the Yuan Army invaded Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. 1279, the yuan dynasty completed the national reunification. Wen Tianxiang, an anti-Yuan hero, left a famous sentence: "No one has died since ancient times, but his heart will shine in history." .
4. Significance: It ended the long-term separatist regime in China's history and laid the foundation for the further development of a unified multi-ethnic country.
Related articles on historical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade of People's Education Press:
★ People's Education Edition, the seventh grade, Volume II, historical knowledge points
★ Summary of historical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade of People's Education Edition
★ Knowledge points of the seventh grade history volume II of People's Education Edition
★ People's Education Edition Seven Grade History Volume Two Knowledge Points Induction
★ 20 18 People's Education Edition History Review Outline of Volume II of Grade Seven
★ Frame diagram of historical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade.
★ Seven-grade People's Education Press historical key knowledge points.
★ 20 18 Historical Knowledge Points of Volume II of Grade 7 of People's Education Press
★ 20 18 People's Education Edition Volume II Historical Knowledge Points
★ 20 18 People's Education Press Seventh Grade Volume II Summary of Historical Knowledge Points