↓↓↓↓↓ Click to get the "knowledge points of the first volume of Grade 8" ↓↓↓↓
★ Mathematics knowledge points in the first volume of the eighth grade of junior high school
★ Summary of historical knowledge points in the first volume of Grade 8
★ Knowledge points in the first volume of eighth grade history
★ PEP English Grade 8 Volume I 1 knowledge points
Knowledge points in the first volume of eighth grade geography 1
Chapter I Territory and Population of China
I. Motherland (Location)
Hemisphere location: Eastern Hemisphere, Northern Hemisphere
Location of land and sea: East Asia, west coast of Pacific Ocean.
Latitude and longitude position: most of them are in the north temperate zone, a few are in the tropics, and there is no frigid zone.
Land area: 9.6 million square kilometers. Ranked third. Second only to Russia and Canada.
(1) Endangered oceans: Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea from north to south. Coastline length 18000 km.
(2) The largest island in China is Taiwan Province Island, and the second largest island is Hainan Island.
(3) The inland sea includes Bohai Sea and Qiongzhou Strait. The width of the territorial sea is 12 nautical mile.
(4) Diaoyu Island is located in the East China Sea and Huangyan Island is located in the South China Sea.
Second, many neighboring countries
Land border: more than 22,000 kilometers
Land neighbors: 14: North Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan; India, Nepal, Bhutan; Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam.
Countries across the sea: Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia.
Three, the four ends of the territory:
Northernmost: 53° N； from the center line of Heilongjiang main channel north of Mohe River;
The southernmost point: Zengmu shoal in Nansha Islands, Hainan Province: 4° N；;
West wind: 73° E； in Pamir Plateau, Xinjiang;
Eastmost: the confluence of the central line of Heilongjiang main channel and Wusuli River135 E.
Four. administrative division
1. Three-level administrative divisions: provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities), towns (townships) and special administrative regions.
2.34 provincial administrative units: 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.
3. The most provincial administrative unit in neighboring countries of China is Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region;
The largest provincial administrative unit in China is Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
4. The administrative units that the Tropic of Cancer passes through in China from east to west are: Taiwan Province Province (Taiwan Province), Guangdong Province (Guangdong), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi) and Yunnan Province (Yunnan or Yunnan).
5. China has two provincial administrative units, namely, Yunnan Province (Yunnan or Yunnan), Guizhou Province (Guizhou or Guizhou), Sichuan Province (Sichuan or Shu), Gansu Province (Gansu or Gansu), Shaanxi Province (Shaanxi or Qin) and Shanghai (Shanghai or Shenyang).
6. The provincial administrative units that are completely in the tropical zone of the earth are Hainan Province, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.
Chinese population
1. Population demarcation line: Heihe-Tengchong line (Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong County, Yunnan Province)
2. According to the sixth national census in 20 10, the total population of China is13.7 billion, accounting for10.5 of the world population, making it the most populous country in the world.
3. Distribution of provinces and regions: Guangdong Province at most; At least: Macau.
4. Macau, the provincial administrative regional unit with the largest population density in China; Xizang Autonomous Region is a provincial administrative unit with the smallest population density.
5. The basic national policy of China population: family planning, population control and population quality improvement.
6. Since the 1970s, the natural population growth rate in China has been declining, mainly because China adheres to the basic national policy of family planning.
Ethnic groups in China
1, 56 ethnic groups, with the Han population accounting for 9 1.5% and ethnic minorities accounting for 8.5%.
2. The populations of ethnic minorities are different: Zhuang (mainly distributed in Guangxi) has the largest population, while Hui is the most widely distributed.
3. Characteristics of ethnic distribution in China: large dispersion, small settlement and mixed residence.
4. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities among the five ethnic minority autonomous regions. )
5. Festivals: Mongolian Nadam Congress, Dai Water-splashing Festival, Hui Eid al-Fitr, Zhuang March 3 Song Festival, Tibetan Snow Festival.
The first volume of the eighth grade geography knowledge point II
Chapter II Natural Environment of China
First of all, the terrain of China (point out the names of all the mountains in the above picture)
Yushan Mountain, the main peak of Taiwan Province mountain range, is the highest peak in eastern China.
Arc mountain range: Himalayas, Mount Everest is 8844.43 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the world.
(1) provincial administrative division line:
Hebei and Shanxi (Taihang Mountain), Fujian and Jiangxi (Wuyishan), Hubei and Chongqing (Wushan)
Qinghai and Gansu (Qilian Mountain), Tibet and Xinjiang (Kunlun Mountain), Guangdong and Hunan (Nanling)
(2) Five Mountains in China: Taishan (Shandong), Huashan (Shaanxi), Hengshan (Hunan), Hengshan (Shanxi) and Songshan (Henan).
Names of topographic areas on both sides of Chinese mountains
Second, the main terrain area
(1) Four stationary segments:
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the roof of the world, has extensive glaciers;
Inner Mongolia Plateau-open and magnanimous, with gentle ground fluctuation.
Loess Plateau-serious soil erosion, fragmentation, criss-crossing gullies and wide distribution of loess;
Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau-limestone is widely distributed, "rocky desertification", with rugged surface and many small basins between mountains, commonly known as bazi.
(2) four great basin:
Tarim basin-the largest inland basin; There is the largest desert in China, Taklimakan Desert.
Junggar basin, oasis and reclamation area are affected by the humid air flow in the Atlantic Ocean.
Qaidam basin-"cornucopia", the highest basin.
Sichuan basin-purple and red basins, and Chengdu plain (land of abundance)
(3) Three Mountains: Liaodong Mountain, Shandong Mountain and Southeast Mountain-agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry.
(4) Three plains: the Northeast Plain-the largest, and the black soil is widely distributed; Beidacang, black land;
Huanghuaihai Plain, a low-lying North China plain, has the worst spring drought.
The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is densely covered with rivers and lakes, a land of plenty; The lowest terrain.
(5) The mountainous area accounts for 1/3 of the total land area of China.
(6) Mountainous areas: Mountainous areas, hills and rugged plateaus are collectively called mountainous areas, accounting for 2/3 of the total land area.
(7) Common natural disasters in mountainous areas include mountain torrents, collapses, landslides and mudslides.
Third, the terrain of China.
Topographic features: high in the west and low in the east, with a three-stage distribution.
The dividing line between the first and second steps: Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain.
The dividing line between the second step and the third step: Daxinganling-Changbai Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain
Fourth, the climate of China.
1, climate characteristics of China: the climate is complex and diverse; The monsoon climate is remarkable; What a special weather; Many droughts and floods.
2. The lowest temperature in winter in China is Mohe area in the north of Heilongjiang Province; The highest temperature is in the south of Hainan Province.
The hottest place in summer is Turpan in Xinjiang. The coldest place is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
China is used to being divided into cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone from north to south. This division is based on the accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃. In addition, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a plateau climate zone.
Cold temperate zone: the northern section of Daxinganling and its two sides.
Mid-temperate zone: Junggar Basin, Inner Mongolia Plateau and Northeast Plain.
Warm temperate zone: north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, including Tarim Basin, North China Plain, Loess Plateau and southern Liaoning Province.
Tropical: Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Province and southern Taiwan Province Province.
Plateau climate zone: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
4. Precipitation in China: decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.
The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in the northeast of Taiwan Province Province.
The least place is Toksun in Turpan Basin.
5. According to the comparison of precipitation and evaporation, scientists divide China into four types of dry and wet areas: humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area.
6, qinling huaihe river line and China roughly the same:
1 month (0℃) isotherm,
Isoprecipitation line (800 mm),
(warm temperate zone) and (subtropical zone),
(humid) and (semi-humid) areas,
The dividing line between temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate is the same.
7. The influence of summer monsoon is the main reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation in China.
The dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region in China is Daxinganling-Yinshan-Helan Mountain-Bayan Kara-Gangdise Mountain.
8. The advance and retreat of the summer monsoon affects the passage of the rain belt in the eastern mainland.
April to May is the rainy season in South China.
June-July Jianghuai rainy season
July-August rainy season in North China, northeast rainy season and southwest rainy season.
The year of weak summer monsoon intensity: the frontal rain belt stays in the south for a long time, and the south is waterlogged and the north is dry.
The year with strong summer monsoon: the frontal rain belt moves northward rapidly, and if it stays for a long time, it is waterlogged in the north and dry in the south.
9, China's climate type:
A temperate continental climate b temperate monsoon climate
C subtropical monsoon climate d tropical monsoon climate
E alpine plateau climate (the western plateau mountain shows obvious vertical climate characteristics. )
China is the only country with three monsoon climates.
10, answer the question: Why doesn't China have Mediterranean climate, temperate maritime climate and other climate types?
A: The Mediterranean climate is located on the west coast of the mid-low latitude continent, and China is located on the east coast of the Eurasian continent. The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the mid-low latitude continent, which is influenced by warm and humid air currents from the ocean all the year round, while China is located on the east coast of Eurasia, which is only influenced by warm and humid air currents from the ocean in summer.
1 1. Special weather: mainly cold wave, plum rain, typhoon and sandstorm.
Flood is a natural disaster with frequent occurrence and serious losses in China.
Drought is a kind of climate disaster which has the greatest influence, the most common and the widest distribution on agricultural production in China.
Rivers in China.
1), outflow area is given priority to.
The river that finally flows into the ocean is called the outflow river. The distribution area of outflow river becomes outflow area.
Rivers that do not eventually flow into the ocean are called inland rivers. The area where inland rivers are distributed is called the internal flow area.
1, outflow area
(1) mainly flows out of rivers and into the sea.
Into the Pacific Ocean: Heilongjiang, Wusuli, Liaohe, Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze, Minjiang, Pearl and Lancang rivers.
Entering the Indian Ocean: Yarlung Zangbo River and Nujiang River.
Entering the Arctic Ocean: Irtysh River
(2) The longest inland river in China is Tarim River; The longest river in flood season in China is the Pearl River. The longest river in the ice age is Heilongjiang.
(3) The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is the earliest and longest canal in the world. It starts from Beijing in the north and reaches Hangzhou in the south. It runs through six provinces and connects five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
2. Internal flow area
(1) Main inland river: Tarim River, the longest inland river in China, is located in the north of Tarim Basin.
3. The main lakes in China
(1) Lake area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Qinghai Lake is the largest saltwater lake in China and the largest lake in China.
(2) Eastern plain lakes: Poyang Lake (the largest freshwater lake), Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake and Chaohu Lake.
2) Rolling along the Yangtze River
3) Surging the Yellow River
The first volume of the eighth grade geography knowledge points 3
Chapter III Natural Resources in China
I. General situation of natural resources
Natural resources: exist in nature and can provide welfare for human beings;
1. Renewable resources: climate resources, biological resources, water resources and land resources.
2. Non-renewable resources: metallic minerals, non-metallic minerals, coal, oil and natural gas.
3. New energy: solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, ocean energy, nuclear energy, hydrogen energy, etc.
Land resources in China
1 and "more people and less land" are China's basic national conditions, which are not as good as 1/3 in the world.
2. The proportion of grassland and land that is difficult to use is large, and the proportion of cultivated land and forest land is small.
3. Cultivated land is distributed in plains, basins and low hills in the eastern monsoon region.
Woodlands are distributed in northeast, southwest (natural forests) and southeast mountainous areas (artificial forests and secondary forests).
Grassland is distributed in the northern and western inland areas.
4. Regional differences in the quality of land resources:
Water resources in China
1, "more in the east and less in the south and less in the north", the distribution of water resources in China is uneven.
2. The south accounts for about 40% of the country's total area, but it accounts for more than 80% of the country's total flow.
The Huang-Huai-Hai river basin accounts for 38% of the country's cultivated land, but water resources only account for 6%.
3. Distribution map of runoff zone in China.
① Water-rich area
② Multi-hose
③ Flat hose
④ Less hoses.
⑤ Water shortage area
4. Temporal distribution of water resources in China: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring, with great interannual variation.
5. Uneven regional distribution-construction of inter-basin water transfer project. South-to-North Water Transfer Project (largest scale).
Transfer the excess water in the Yangtze River basin to the water-deficient North China and Northwest China.
6. Uneven time distribution-building reservoirs. (Xiaolangdi of the Yellow River) (Three Gorges Water Control Project of the Yangtze River).
7. Among the major water systems in China, the Yangtze River system is the most abundant, followed by the Pearl River system.
8. East, middle and west routes of South-to-North Water Transfer Project:
West Line: Tongtian River, Yalong River and Dadu River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River divert water into the Yellow River to solve the problem of water shortage in the northwest.
Middle Line: Danjiangkou Reservoir in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River draws water, crosses the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River, and reaches Beijing and Tianjin.
East route: draw water near Yangzhou in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and follow the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal to Tianjin.
Four. Marine resources in China
1. Four major seafood: large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, hairtail and squid.
2. Four major fishing grounds: Huangbohai Fishing Ground, Zhoushan Fishing Ground (the largest), South China Sea Coastal Fishing Ground and Beibu Gulf Fishing Ground.
3. Four major saltworks: Luchang saltworks (the largest), Huaibei saltworks, Baotou saltworks and Ying Ge saltworks.
The first volume of the eighth grade geography knowledge points 4
Chapter IV: Main industries in China.
I. Agriculture
1. Agriculture includes planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.
2. China is the first country in the world to grow rice, millet, mulberry, sericulture and tea trees.
3. At present, the output of agricultural products such as grain, meat, seed cotton, rape, tea and fruit in China ranks 1 in the world; The per capita possession of grain is close to the world average, and the per capita possession of cotton exceeds the world average.
4. The regional distribution of agricultural production in China tends to be reasonable. New agriculture: foreign exchange earning agriculture, sightseeing agriculture, green agriculture, etc. Rice is the largest food crop in China.
Crops include food crops and cash crops.
6, China commodity grain base:
Sanjiang plain
B Songnen plain
C jianghuai area
Taihu plain
Eastern Jianghan plain
F Poyang lake plain
G Dongting lake plain
H Chengdu plain
I. Pearl River Delta
7. Rape has the widest planting area in China, and the Yangtze River Basin is the largest rapeseed producing area in China;
Peanuts are relatively concentrated in Shandong and Henan provinces;
Sugarcane is mainly distributed in South China, with Guangxi as the largest producing area.
Beets are mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and other places.
8. Animal husbandry in China is divided into pastoral animal husbandry and farming animal husbandry.
The four pastoral areas are Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai.
9. Animal husbandry in agricultural areas is mainly livestock and poultry. Sichuan, Hunan and Henan are the main producing areas of commercial pigs in China. The feeding mode has changed from decentralized feeding of farmers to specialized production.
Second, industry.
1. Industry is the leading force of the national economy. The output of coal, steel, cement, power generation, cotton cloth, automobiles, televisions and refrigerators ranks first in the world.
2. Maximum energy distribution in coal industry:
(1) China is the country with the largest coal production in the world, and Shanxi Province is the province with the largest coal production in China.
(2) Base areas: Datong and Yangquan in Shanxi; Hebei Kailuan and Fengfeng; Pingdingshan, Henan; Huolin River in Inner Mongolia; Jixi and Hegang in Heilongjiang; Liupanshui, Guizhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu; Huaibei and Huainan in Anhui.
3. Distribution of petroleum industry, the second largest energy source:
(1) Base: Daqing is the largest petroleum industrial base in China. Shandong Shengli Oilfield; Zhongyuan oilfield at the junction of Henan and Shandong; Hebei Huabei Oilfield; Xinjiang Karamay Oilfield; Shenfu-Ordos Oilfield at the Junction of Shaanxi and Mongolia
(2) Xinjiang is the leading oil producer in China in the future.
4. Distribution of steel industry: The steel industry is mostly distributed in places rich in iron ore and coal resources, such as Anshan, Liaoning, Panzhihua, Sichuan and Wuhan, Hubei. Shanghai Baosteel is close to the market and has convenient shipping conditions.
6. China has basically formed a machinery industrial system with industrial equipment, agricultural machinery and transportation equipment manufacturing as the main body, with relatively complete categories and reasonable layout, and formed large national machinery industrial bases such as central and southern Liaoning, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Wuhan and Chongqing.
7. The textile industry has formed a complete system including cotton, wool, silk, hemp, textile and chemical fiber industries in the Mainland. The cotton textile industry is the most important. Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Xi and Wuhan are the main cotton textile industrial bases.
8. China has initially formed the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim and other high-tech industrial belts with their own characteristics. There are mainly four dense areas:
High-tech industrial cluster around Bohai Sea centered on Zhongguancun Science Park in Beijing;
High-tech industrial concentration area along the Yangtze River with Shanghai High-tech Zone as the center;
Southeast coastal high-tech industrial concentration area centered on Shenzhen High-tech Zone;
Xi 'an Yangling High-tech Zone is a high-tech industrial intensive area along the Eurasian Continental Bridge.
Third, the transportation industry
var _ HMT = _ HMT | |[]； (function(){ var hm = document . createelement(" script ")； hm.src = "/hm.js？ fff 14745 ACA 9358 ff 875 ff 9 ACA 1296 B3 "； var s = document . getelementsbytagname(" script ")[0]； s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm，s)； })();